Research investigating the factorial structure of cigarette smoking motives (based on the Horn-Waingrow Smoking Survey) suggests considerable similarity in factor structure across different samples as well as stability of structure in repeated assessments. This study evaluates the replicability of six commonly found Horn-Waingrow factors in a sample of 109 men and women from three longitudinal studies and also reports on gender and other psychosocial differences. Principal component analyses exactly replicated previously reported factors, separately for each gender. Significant gender differences in level are shown for two smoking motives (Reduction of Negative Affect and Pleasure): Women more than men report that they smoke for these reasons. Also, there are significant differences in motives between current and former smokers and between smokers with and without smoking spouses.
This study provides a longitudinal analysis of the influences of health, age, gender, and socioeconomic status on family contacts and family feelings in a sample of 62 members of the Berkeley Older Generation Study. Stability in family contacts and in family feelings was observed over 14 years of advanced old age. Of the four predictor variables, health and socioeconomic status accounted for the largest proportion of observed variance. Contrary to our hypotheses, study participants in better health had greater amounts of contact with family than did those in poorer health. The former also had more feelings of closeness to family members, a finding that may reflect greater possibilities for reciprocity between elders in good health and their family members.
This paper examines long-term changes in drinking, with regard to: (a) the degree to which overall patterns of drinking have shifted or remained across a 20-year period; (b) whether these patterns vary on the basis of age; and (c) the degree to which distinct patterns of drinking may be differentially subject to mortality and/or nonresponse. Data for this investigation are from a 20-year prospective follow-up study of two general population surveys. The first of these was originally interviewed in 1964 and consists of interviews with 405 males aged 23 and older; the second, originally interviewed in 1967, consists of interviews with 786 males aged 21-59. The results indicate that while consumption was modestly associated with mortality from all causes, no significant relationship was observed between consumption and non-response. The results also indicate that as respondents aged 20 years, mean levels of alcohol consumption remained stable. This was true despite the fact that when individual respondents did change their drinking, they were more likely to decrease their consumption than increase it. These results do not support conclusion drawn from cross-sectional studies that aging modifies consumption patterns.
This paper examines the prevalence of two "at-risk" alcohol drinking patterns (infrequent heavy drinking and frequent heavy drinking) within age/gender groups in multiple general population studies. When heterogeneity in findings across studies is found, we test the hypotheses that suicide, divorce, unemployment rates, and the per capita consumption of alcohol in each country are associated with the prevalence of these drinking patterns. These analyses should inform the literature on the relationships between societal factors and the prevalence of persons in different societies and periods in history that drink at these levels.
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