ObjectivesTo assess exposure to marketing of unhealthy food products and its relation to food related behavior and BMI in children aged 3–13, from different socioeconomic backgrounds in a south Indian town.MethodsChild-parent pairs (n = 306) were recruited at pediatric clinics. Exposure to food marketing was assessed by a digital logo recognition test. Children matched 18 logos of unhealthy food (high in fat/sugar/salt) featured in promotion material from the food industry to pictures of corresponding products. Children's nutritional knowledge, food preferences, purchase requests, eating behavior and socioeconomic characteristics were assessed by a digital game and parental questionnaires. Anthropometric measurements were recorded.ResultsRecognition rates for the brand logos ranged from 30% to 80%. Logo recognition ability increased with age (p<0.001) and socioeconomic level (p<0.001 comparing children in the highest and lowest of three socioeconomic groups). Adjusted for gender, age and socioeconomic group, logo recognition was associated with higher BMI (p = 0.022) and nutritional knowledge (p<0.001) but not to unhealthy food preferences or purchase requests.ConclusionsChildren from higher socioeconomic groups in the region had higher brand logo recognition ability and are possibly exposed to more food marketing. The study did not lend support to a link between exposure to marketing and poor eating behavior, distorted nutritional knowledge or increased purchase requests. The correlation between logo recognition and BMI warrants further investigation on food marketing towards children and its potential role in the increasing burden of non-communicable diseases in this part of India.
We study the large time behavior of solutions near a constant equilibrium to the compressible Euler-Maxwell system in R 3 . We first refine a global existence theorem by assuming that the H 3 norm of the initial data is small, but the higher order derivatives can be arbitrarily large. If the initial data belongs toḢ −s (0 ≤ s < 3/2) orḂ −s 2,∞ (0 < s ≤ 3/2), by a regularity interpolation trick, we obtain the various decay rates of the solution and its higher order derivatives. As an immediate byproduct, the usual L p -L 2 (1 ≤ p ≤ 2) type of the decay rates follow without requiring that the L p norm of initial data is small.2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. 83C22; 82D37; 76N10; 35Q35; 35B40.
We investigate the sharp time decay rates of the solution U for the compressible Navier-Stokes system (1.1) in R 3 to the constant equilibrium (ρ > 0, 0) when the initial data is a small smooth perturbation of (ρ, 0). Let U be the solution to the corresponding linearized equations with the same initial data. Under a mild non-degenerate condition on initial perturbations, we show that U − U L 2 decays at least at the rate of (1 + t) − 5 4 , which is faster than the rate (1 + t) − 3 4 for the U to its equilibrium (ρ, 0). Our method is based on a combination of the linear sharp decay rate obtained from the spectral analysis and the energy estimates.
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