Podocarpus lambertii, popularmente conhecida como pinheiro-bravo é uma Podocarpaceae típica da região Sul do Brasil, família que se distingue de outras coníferas por possuir uma estrutura de suporte para o óvulo denominada "epimatium". O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar, por meio de parâmetros morfológicos e anatômicos, os efeitos da poluição por petróleo na estrutura das folhas de Podocarpus lambertii Klotzsch ex Endl. (Podocarpaceae), popularmente conhecida por pinheiro-bravo. As folhas foram coletadas no município de Araucária, Paraná, Brasil, na Refinaria de petróleo Presidente Getúlio Vargas (REPAR) um ano após exposição à poluição provocada pelo derramamento de petróleo. Esta espécie foi selecionada, porque além de ser nativa, apresentou um comportamento diferenciado dentre as demais diante da poluição. Folhas de nove indivíduos (seis expostos ao petróleo e três controle) foram coletadas. Foram avaliadas em microscopia fotônica as dimensões foliares (comprimento, largura e área foliar), a espessura dos tecidos e a densidade estomática. Os dados obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente. Nos indivíduos expostos à poluição, a superfície foliar foi menor, a densidade estomática e espessura dos tecidos foliares foram maiores quando comparados aos indivíduos controle. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que P. lambertti reagiu quando de sua exposição à poluição por petróleo.
This work aimed at investigating both the tolerance and the phytodegradation potential of Erythrina crista-galli L. in petroleum-contaminated soil. It consisted in analyzing E. crista-galli germination, surviving, growth, and development when cultivated at different contaminant concentrations and pollutant degradation rates. This specimen was selected because it presented a special behavior among others also exposed to petroleum in an accident that occurred in the Araucaria region (south of Brazil), resulting in a four-million-liter oil spill. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse containing non-contaminated soil (NCS), vegetated contaminated soil (VCS), and non-vegetated contaminated soil (NVCS) at the following petroleum concentrations: 25 g kg(-1) (VCS-25), 50 g kg(-1) (VCS-50), and 75 g kg(-1) (VCS-75). After 60 days, the soil samples were analyzed by gas chromatography. Germination was more and more evident as higher petroleum concentrations were observed. The surviving rates of groups NCS, VCS-25, VCS-50, and VCS-75 were 64%, 70%, 61%, and 96%, respectively. The VCS group growth was reduced when compared to the control group (NCS). The individuals exposed to petroleum pollution presented differences in the anatomic structure of their roots when compared to the NCS group. It was observed that the petroleum degradation rate was higher for VCS group than for NVCS. E. crista-galli is potentially recommended for petroleum-contaminated soils because of its positive association in the presence of contamination.
petroleum is an important energy source. Due to its intensive exploration, accidents resulting in oil spills on soil are frequent, which creates consequences to ecosystems and human health. Rhizodegradation is an efficient technique that promotes the decontamination of polluted environments through the selection and use of rhizosphere microorganisms from phytoremediation plants. the aim of this study was to isolate, identify and characterize bacteria capable of degrading petroleum from the rhizosphere of Panicum aquaticum poir., a plant that grows in petroleum contaminated soils. three bacteria were isolated and characterized at the morphological (Gram staining), molecular (16S rRNA gene sequence analysis) and biochemical level. These bacteria were identified as new strains of Bacillus thurigiensis, Bacillus pumilus and Rhodococcus hoagii, which have been reported as potential bioremediators in the literature. All three bacteria were able to use petroleum hydrocarbons as the sole carbon source during in vitro degradation assays. Gas chromatography analysis of these assays indicated reductions of petroleum hydrocarbons between 23% and 96% within 48 h. Among the isolated bacteria, Rhodococcus hoagii presented the highest efficiency of petroleum consumption, reaching 87% of degradation after only 24 h of cultivation, which corresponds to a higher and faster degradation than previously reported, confirming the potential use of Rhodococcus hoagii for petroleum biodegradation. Petroleum has a complex composition formed predominantly by aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, and lower concentrations of asphaltenes, resins and metals. In turn, petroleum composition varies according to the geographical localization and physical, chemical and biological conditions of the environment where it is formed 1. Many compounds present in petroleum are toxic, mutagenic or carcinogenic 2. The effects of naphthalene in humans, for example, include skin irritation, red blood cells breakdown and nephrotoxicity 2,3. Petroleum spills into the environment result from the high volume of petroleum used as raw material for energy and chemicals production as well as the accidents during operating processes, transportation, refining, storage and consumption 4,5. In contact with the environment, petroleum undergoes changes in its original characteristics, due to the interaction between physical and biological factors 6,7. The persistence of petroleum hydrocarbons in the environment is a result of their slow biodegradation and can compromise quality of water resources and the soil and may be accumulated in food, such as vegetables, muscles and fish 2,8. Environment-friendly approaches have been proposed to remediate petroleum-contaminated environments. According to Pandey et al. 9 and Paul et al. 10 , bioremediation is widely used in environmental decontamination due to its relatively lower costs and higher efficiency when compared to chemical and physical remediation techniques. Bioremediation is based on the metabolization of pollutants through ...
There is growing concern among health institutions worldwide to supply clean water to their populations, especially to more vulnerable communities. Although sewage treatment systems can remove most contaminants, they are not efficient at removing certain substances that can be detected in significant quantities even after standard treatments. Considering the necessity of perfecting techniques that can remove waterborne contaminants, constructed wetland systems have emerged as an effective bioremediation solution for degrading and removing contaminants. In spite of their environmentally friendly appearance and efficiency in treating residual waters, one of the limiting factors to structure efficient artificial wetlands is the choice of plant species that can both tolerate and remove contaminants. For sometimes, the chosen plants composing a system were not shown to increase wetland performance and became a problem since the biomass produced must have appropriated destination. We provide here an overview of the use and role of aquatic macrophytes in constructed wetland systems. The ability of plants to remove metals, pharmaceutical products, pesticides, cyanotoxins and nanoparticles in constructed wetlands were compared with the removal efficiency of non-planted systems, aiming to evaluate the capacity of plants to increase the removal efficiency of the systems. Moreover, this review also focuses on the management and destination of the biomass produced through natural processes of water filtration. The use of macrophytes in constructed wetlands represents a promising technology, mainly due to their efficiency of removal and the cost advantages of their implantation. However, the choice of plant species composing constructed wetlands should not be only based on the plant removal capacity since the introduction of invasive species can become an ecological problem.
, BRAZIL. The occurrence of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) in some public areas of Curitiba-PR, Brazil, was evaluated. Their concentrations were then related to the vegetation's density in each area. Average benzene concentrations varied from 3.9 to 6.1 mg m -3, with higher values occurring in poorly dense vegetation areas. For toluene, average concentrations ranged from 6.5 to 7.2 mg m -3. The effect of such pollutants was evaluated by means of a bio indicator, Tillandsia stricta. Variation in total chlorophyll content and in stomatic density were detected in some samples and may be related to the BTEX concentrations found in the studied areas.Keywords: BTEX; urban traffic; bioindication. INTRODUÇÃOCom o progresso, o crescimento da população, a urbanização e o aumento da frota de veículos automotivos, observa-se um aumento progressivo na taxa de emissões de poluentes atmosféricos, tendo como consequência grandes problemas ambientais. Em ambientes externos, os principais responsáveis pelo aumento da poluição do ar são os processos de industrialização e urbanização, ocorridos com maior intensidade no século XX, destacando-se a queima de combustíveis fósseis por veículos automotores (combustão, perdas evaporativas na armazenagem e na distribuição de combustíveis), fontes fixas industriais e fumaça de cigarros. 1,2Entre os principais poluentes presentes em centros urbanos estão os compostos orgânicos voláteis (COVs), emitidos predominantemente pelos veículos automotores. Os COVs que têm proporcionado grande interesse científico para a qualidade do ar em áreas internas e externas são, especificamente, benzeno, tolueno, etillbenzeno e xilenos (BTEX), 10 Entretanto, a despeito desses dados, não existem estudos visando a avaliação das consequências da poluição atmosférica na cidade, o que motivou o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa.Os efeitos prejudiciais das emissões veiculares sobre as plantas expostas ao lado de rodovias são relatados em diversos estudos.11-14 Experimentos realizados por Song et al. 15 demonstraram que a redução das concentrações de BTEX em áreas internas é diretamente proporcional ao aumento da quantidade de plantas presentes. Considera-se, em muitos estudos publicados, que os COVs são biologicamente ativos, uma vez que são compostos que participam dos processos físico-químicos do metabolismo da planta. 16,17 Portanto, segundo Cape, 18 as plantas podem metabolizar, transportar e acumular os COVs nas folhas, vacúolos ou parede celular ou conduzir estes compostos, através de suas raízes, para o solo.As informações sobre a poluição atmosférica podem ser inferidas comparando-se a concentração da substância em estudo no tecido da planta. Tal análise apresenta menor custo para obtenção de informações sobre a qualidade ambiental de um local.19 Para avaliação do impacto causado na vegetação, o órgão mais estudado tem sido a folha, abordando-se principalmente alterações nas taxas fotossintéticas e respiratória 20 e aspectos estruturais, como reflexo das alterações metabólicas. 21 Entre os p...
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