ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine the prevalence of idiopathic scoliosis (IS) in child, adolescent and adult athletes of all sports activity levels.DesignSystematic review with meta-analysis.Data sourcesElectronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, Sage journals, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar and Springer) were systematically searched up from inception to 28 September 2021.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesObservational investigations were included to evaluate the prevalence of IS in athletes (engaged in any type of individual and team sports). Congenital scoliosis, neuromuscular scoliosis, Scheuermann’s kyphosis and de novo scoliosis were not included. The risk of bias was assessed using the tool developed by Hoy et al.ResultsTwenty-two studies were included (N=57 470, range 15–46544, participants), thirteen studies were of high-quality. The estimated prevalence of IS in athletes was 27% (95% CI 20% to 35%, I2=98%), with a 95% prediction interval (1% to 69%). The prevalence of IS was significantly higher in female athletes (35%, 95% CI 27% to 34%, I2=98%). Ballet dancers showed a high IS prevalence (35%, 95% CI 24% to 47%, I2=98%). Recreational athletes showed a higher IS prevalence (33%, 95% CI 24% to 43%, I2=98%) than at competitive-level athletes (0.05%, 95% CI 0.03% to 0.08%, I2=98%), followed by elite (20%, 95% CI 13% to 27%, I2=98%).ConclusionsThe prevalence of IS in athletes was similar or higher to that as seen in other studies of the general population. IS prevalence may have a U-shaped relationship relative to level of competition. Further studies are required to determine which sports have the highest IS prevalence.
The environmental challenges, the significant effects of architecture, building manufacture technologies and the construction industry have caused the movement towards sustainable architecture to be considered as one of the most important and influential trends in the early years of the 21 st century. Sustainable architecture and compliance with environmental features have also been noted in Iran both in theory and practice. However, it seems that in the developing countries, particularly in Iran, the architects' tendency towards the concept of sustainability possesses some features of its own. Therefore, the foremost questions addressed in this study are: 1-what is the main feature of sustainability in Iran's contemporary architecture? And what criteria have been applied for its utilization? 2-What sorts of sustainability-related considerations have been taken into account by the architects and building designers? The methodology adopted to investigate these issues is the conduct of case studies, utilizing the compound strategies. The data collection was performed via a library procedure, whereby thirty samples of Iran's contemporary and post-revolution architecture for which sustainability was considered were selected. The findings of the study reveal that the trend of sustainability in Iran's contemporary architecture mostly manifests itself in attempts to maximize the usage of solar energy, to choose the optimal direction for a building, the light absorption capabilities, proper ventilation based on the specific climate and weather, and the use of plants in the space.
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