Children and adolescents are vulnerable in times of disaster and they will suffer more severely if neglected. The concept of resilience differs between cultures, and identifying the components of resilience is essential for decision making and interventions in disasters such as risk management. This study aimed to identify the components of children’s resilience in disasters in Iran. This qualitative study took a content-analysis approach. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 23 people and three group meetings. Conventional content analysis was used for data analysis. MAXQDA 10 software was used for classification. The resilience components derived from the data were categorized into two main categories, internal and external, and eight subcategories covering psychological, emotional, cognitive, mental, spiritual, physical, social, and behavioral factors. The results also showed that the nature of resilience is both intrinsic and extrinsic. Recognizing the dimensions of children’s resilience in disasters can lead to a new perspective for authorities and planners in disaster and emergency situations. The results of this study could be used by planners and policymakers to develop interventions to enhance children’s and adolescents’ resilience at the time of disasters, which is also underlined and highlighted by international documents.
Annually, children as a major group are affected in disasters worldwide. Resilience terminology is appeared in disaster risk reduction to improve more attention paid on human ability instead of concentration on his vulnerability. It seems that child resiliency may be the best approach to decrease the vulnerability. Although there are lots of studies on resiliency, children resiliency in disasters seems to be a unique field to consider. The current systematic review protocol aimed at synthesizing the evidence of the children resiliency indicators in natural disasters to identify their capacity and improve their ability against it. The current systematic review will be conducted on the children resiliency in articles regarding natural disaster situation that extracted indicators/factors to improve children resiliency in natural disasters. Four main electronic databases which cover such articles will be searched including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Pycinfo. Furthermore, experts will be asked to identify verifiable grey literatures. EndNote software version X7 will be used to manage searching the databases, screening duplications, and extracting irrelevant articles. Search strategy was defined by the current review authors. Specific syntax was used for each main database. A period will be considered to search the databases. The evaluation of the articles will be conducted based on PICO defined according to the research question to include and exclude the articles. Moreover, the qualitative assessment and review instrument (QARI) checklist from JBI (Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewers' Manual: 2014 edition) will be used to assess the quality criteria. It is a quality context focused on human psychosocial behavior with specific group called children, adolescents, teenagers, and youths, but the current systematic review called them under eighteen-year-old children according to the definition of the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF). On the other hand, the QARI data extraction instrument will be also used according to the research question.The current systematic literature review will determine the tangible criteria of child resiliency that would be valuable for decision makers, community, researchers, families, and the people concerned about children and also disaster situations. In this way, in disaster situations they can evaluate the difference between resilient children vs. non-resilient ones; the impacts are limited to the disaster, but also long-time after the disaster.
Adolescent resilience after a disaster has been shown to be a protective factor against loss, trauma, and psychological distress. Its importance for successful disaster recovery is widely accepted by disaster risk management professionals, yet very few tools are available to assess adolescent resilience during an emergency or after a natural disaster has occurred. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of a questionnaire designed to measure adolescents' resilience before, during or after a natural disaster. This mixed method study was carried out in three phases involving item generation, systematic review (phase one), qualitative analysis (phase two) and the reduction of items (phase three). The psychometric evaluation of the Adolescents' Resilience in Disaster Tool (ARDT) was conducted using the data from 599 high school students North of Iran (Golestan Province). The initial item pool included 80 items that were reduced to 37 after assessment of validity (face, content and structure) and reliability. Exploratory Factor Analysis found five factors that affect adolescents' resilience which included helping, trusting in God and hopefulness, adaptability, self-confidence and social support. The internal consistency was desirable (α = .86 and ICC = .91; 95% CI: .849 to .948). The psychometric support for the 37-item version of the ARDT in this study indicates strong support for the ARDT-Q37 as a rapid assessment tool to evaluate resilience in adolescents aged 12–18 years old. Identifying the status of adolescents’ resilience and determining their level of need for intervention during and after a natural disaster is critical for long- and short-term outcomes. Implications for policy makers and professionals involved in the preparedness, response and recovery from natural disasters are discussed.
Background In addition to their educational role, resilient schools have a good capacity in response to disasters. Due to the large student population, the schools can be a safe and secure environment during disasters, in addition to maintaining their performance after. Given the role and importance of the schools, the impact of culture and environment on resilience, without any indigenous and comprehensive tool for measuring the resilience in Iran, the study aimed to design and psychometrically evaluate the measurement tools. Method This study was conducted using a mixed-method sequential explanatory approach. The research was conducted in two main phases of production on items based on hybrid model and the psychometric evaluation of the tool. The second phase included validity (formal, content and construction) and reliability (multiplex internal similarity, consistency and reliability). Result The integration of systematic and qualitative steps resulted in entering 91 items into the pool of items. After formal and content validity, 73 items remained and 44 were omitted in exploratory factor analysis. A questionnaire with 5 factors explained 52.08% of total variance. Finally, after the confirmatory factor analysis, the questionnaire was extracted with 29 questions and 5 factors including "functional", "architectural", "equipment", "education" and "safety". Internal similarity and stability in all factors were evaluated as good. Conclusion The result showed that the 29-item questionnaire of school resilience in emergencies and disasters is valid and reliable, that can be used to evaluate school resilience. On the other hand, the questionnaire on assessment of school resilience in disasters enables intervention to improve its capacity.
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