This study aimed to analyze the challenges of multi-grade classrooms from teachers' views in order to improve the educational process. Research population included all teachers of multi-grade classrooms who live and work in Aleshtar City. Among 168 teachers 13 persons were selected by purposive sampling method. A non-structured interview was used as a research tool in the experiment. The data analysis was performed using content analysis method. The results have shown that the teachers face the following problems in multi-grade classrooms: lack of time, lack of students' motivation, academic failure, lack of proper class management, inappropriate age composition, lack of attention to students' individual needs, lack of educational facilities, lack of educational justice and inadequate authorities' support. The following recommendations were provided according to the results of the study in order to improve the educational process of multi-grade classrooms: it is suggested to provide required incentive for teachers by considering special privileges; it is necessary to revise the volume of textbooks for the students and special textbooks with more appropriate contents; it is recommended that education authorities equip such schools with proper teaching aids and materials instead of reducing their number; it is suggested to engage experts of multi-grade education in the departments of education to deal with the problems of teachers of such classes; it is suggested that educational authorities apply the successful experience of other countries in the field of multi-grade classroom, etc.
BackgroundBrucellosis is an infectious zoonosis, which greatly afflicts human health and animal productivity.ObjectivesTo describe the trends and epidemiological characteristics of human brucellosis in Nahavand county, Hamadan Province, western Iran over 8 years (2010–2017).MethodsIn this registry-based longitudinal study, we analyzed all reported cases of human brucellosis, including 1,130 patients from 2010 to 2017. A checklist including demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with reported cases of brucellosis had been used to gather data. We calculated annual percent changes (APCs) and average annual percent changes (AAPCs) using Joinpoint software to determine the trend of brucellosis using a segmented regression model.ResultsAmong the patients, 60.9% were male and 87.3% lived in rural areas. The mean age of the patients was 35.9 ± 18.34 years. Compared with male patients, female patients were more affected when they were elderly (15.6% men vs. 24.2% women for those aged ≥55 years) (P = 0.001). Of patients with brucellosis, 65.2% had consumed unpasteurized dairy products and 82.3% had a history of contact with animals. The incidence of human brucellosis in Nahavand county increased between 2010 and 2014, then decreased in 2015, and thereafter remained steady. Per 100,000 population, the AAPC pertaining to the incidence was 17.4 in the male population (95% CI: 4.4, 31.9), 13.8 in the female population (95% CI: 0.2, 29.3), and 16.1 in rural dwellers (95% CI: 2.2, 31.8) indicating an increasing trend from 2010 to 2017 (P < 0.05).ConclusionThe incidence of brucellosis in the western part of Iran is high and remains a challenging health problem. In the present study, age, job, sex, and seasonal changes are important risk factors for human brucellosis.
Background:
Today, the issue challenging cesarean delivery is its overuse as the conventional method of birth in the world, especially in developing countries. The Iranian health system implemented the Health Sector Evolution Plan (HSEP) in 2014 to reduce CS rates.
Objective:
To evaluate the effect of the implementation of the HSEP on the rate of CS in an Iranian subpopulation (Qom province) in 13 years.
Methods:
In this longitudinal retrospective study, the trend of CS rate over 13 years (2005-2017) in Qom province has been studied by using an interrupted time series analysis.
Results:
In the period after implementing the HSEP, the rate of CS decreases by 0.1% monthly slope compared to the previous period, which was not statistically significant. This trend is more definite among governmental hospitals. In contrast, the pattern observed in non-governmental hospitals has a monthly increased trend.
Conclusion :
After more than four years of implementation of the HSEP, it has not been able to significantly reduce the overall CSs during this period in Qom province and has failed to reach the plan's goals.
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