Activation of helper T cells results in coordinate expression of a number of cytokines involved in di erentiation, proliferation and activation of the haematopoietic system. Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM ± CSF) is one such cytokine, whose increased expression results mostly from increases in transcription. Cis-acting elements with NFkB, AP1 and ETS-like binding motifs have been identi®ed in the promoter region of the GM ± CSF gene, and are important or essential for transcriptional activity following T cell activation. ETS1 is a transcription factor of the ETS family that is expressed in T cells. We have previously shown that ETS1 can transactivate GM ± CSF in Jurkat T cells, but only after the cells have been stimulated by treatment with PMA and ionomycin, agents that mimic T cell activation. Thus we proposed that ETS1, which is expressed constitutively in Jurkat cells, may act in concert with PMA/ionomycin inducible factors. Here we show that ETS1 can transactivate a GM ± CSF reporter construct in unstimulated Jurkat cells, providing that either NFkB or AP1 transcription factors are supplied by co-transfection. We con®rm that binding of endogenous NFkB and AP1 is induced following PMA/ionomycin treatment of T cells. Transactivation by ETS1, NFkB and AP1 is synergistic, and mutation of the individual binding sites reveals that the transcriptional activities of these factors are interdependent. Our results suggest that constitutive ETS1, and inducible NFkB and AP1, cooperate as part of a higher order transcriptional complex in activated T cells.

Ets-1 is a transcription factor with restricted expression in lymphocytes, and it has been implicated in the regulation of T cell genes such as TCRα, TCRβ, CD4, IL-2, and TNF-α. We show in this study that Ets-1 is also expressed in some mast cells constitutively and can be induced in primary mast cells with stimuli that activate mast cells. We also show that Ets-1 plays a role in the regulation of granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF), a cytokine expressed by activated mast cells. We have characterized a murine growth factor-independent mast cell line, FMP6−, derived from a factor-dependent cell line, FMP1.6. FMP6− has acquired a distinct connective tissue mast cell-like phenotype, as characterized by the expression of mast cell proteases MMCP-4 and MMCP-6, expression of IL-12, and the down-regulation of IL-4. The parental FMP1.6 cell line displays a mucosal mast cell-like phenotype. FMP6− cells have increased Ets-1 expression and achieve growth-factor independence by the autocrine production of GM-CSF and IL-3. Transient transfection of an Ets-1 expression construct in FMP6− cells results in transactivation of a GM-CSF reporter, while a point mutation in the consensus Ets binding site in the conserved lymphokine element, CLE0, abolishes Ets-1 transactivation. Importantly, antisense Ets-1 demonstrates an ability to repress the activity of the GM-CSF reporter. These data suggest a role for Ets-1 in mast cell growth regulation and activation, and because of the central role of mast cells in inflammatory processes, such as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis, they identify Ets-1 as potentially contributing to the pathophysiology of such diseases.

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