fax 01-972-952-9435. Abstract Marginal reserves are hydrocarbon accumulations too small or too difficult to recover economically by themselves under prevailing fiscal terms. Stacked reservoirs containing marginal reserves are often passed over in favour of more prolific zones containing economic volumes. The opportunity to develop the marginal reserves in conjunction with other marginal reserves, or with larger reserves by commingling (and by doing so make them economic) is sometimes overlooked by operators due to government regulations prohibiting commingling. This paper explores the concept of developing marginal and/or other reserves by commingling using intelligent well technology. It reviews the current status of intelligent well technology and government regulations on commingling in a number of regions. The potential for exploiting marginal reserves in the North Sea, Nigeria and the Gulf of Mexico is also considered.
fax 01-972-952-9435. Abstract Marginal reserves are hydrocarbon accumulations too small or too difficult to recover economically by themselves under prevailing fiscal terms. Stacked reservoirs containing marginal reserves are often passed over in favour of more prolific zones containing economic volumes. The opportunity to develop the marginal reserves in conjunction with other marginal reserves, or with larger reserves by commingling (and by doing so make them economic) is sometimes overlooked by operators due to government regulations prohibiting commingling. This paper explores the concept of developing marginal and/or other reserves by commingling using intelligent well technology. It reviews the current status of intelligent well technology and government regulations on commingling in a number of regions. The potential for exploiting marginal reserves in the North Sea, Nigeria and the Gulf of Mexico is also considered.
TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax 01-972-952-9435. AbstractThe corrosion of carbon steel tubulars is an important completion integrity management issue. It is critical for the safe lifetime containment of well fluids, to avoid risk to people, property and the environment, and to avoid costly workover and repair during the well's life.An effective tubing lifetime corrosion prediction model (VirtualCalliper) was developed to improve the management of integrity in carbon steel wells. The model has proved to be an order of magnitude more accurate than many widely used corrosion models, when predicting the internal corrosion of producer and injector wells.The main reasons for this are:• In addition to the standard parameters considered in most corrosion prediction models, VirtualCalliper accounts for the influences of well architecture, water cut development, water salinity, erosion corrosion and H 2 S corrosion. • The model has been rigorously tuned with extensive field corrosion inspection data from a large number of well calliper surveys • The use of a well performance simulator output as the input files for key well parameters, ensures accurate modelling of temperature, pressure and flow characteristics across the whole well profile.• The software is capable of time stepping to consider the impact of historical and future changes to parameters such as lift gas, oil, gas and water rates. • The corrosion model output can be integrated with completion stress analysis (CSA), to enable the remaining tubing life to be predicted and to assess potential problems during well operations or workover. VirtualCalliper has been proven in a number of fields. It has been used to plan a risk-based sequence of well workover priorities in a large, mature North Sea field. This has been achieved without the cost, HSE risk and lost production associated with well interventions to obtain calliper survey data.This paper describes the structure and main functions of the model. Three case studies, used during the model development to compare the predicted tubing metal loss from VirtualCalliper and tubing metal loss measured from calliper surveys, are also presented.
March 2, 1967 Factories — Lighting — Whether “sufficient and suitable lighting” — Accident in workshop before commencement of work — Shadow cast by machine — Fall over tie‐bar used for manufacture of mixer — Light from three pilot lights more than 0.5 foot candles — Whether breach of statutory standard — Whether breach of regulations —Factories Act, 1961 (9 & 10 Eliz.II, c.34), s.5(l) (2) —Factories (Standards of Lighting) Regulations, 1941 (S.R. & O. 1941, No. 94), regs.2(a), (b), 4.
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