Non-invasive detection of microvascular alterations in deep tissues in vivo provides critical information for clinical diagnosis and evaluation of a broad-spectrum of pathologies. Recently, the emergence of super-resolution ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM) offers new possibilities for clinical imaging of microvasculature at capillary level. Currently, the clinical utility of ULM on clinical ultrasound scanners is hindered by the technical limitations, such as long data acquisition time, high microbubble (MB) concentration, and compromised tracking performance associated with low imaging frame-rate. Here we present a robust in-human ULM on a high frame-rate (HFR) clinical ultrasound scanner to achieve super-resolution microvessel imaging using a short acquisition time (<10 s). Ultrasound MB data were acquired from different human tissues, including a healthy liver and a diseased liver with acute-on-chronic liver failure, a kidney, a pancreatic tumor, and a breast mass using an HFR clinical scanner. By leveraging the HFR and advanced processing techniques including sub-pixel motion registration, MB signal separation, and Kalman filter-based tracking, MBs can be robustly localized and tracked for ULM under the circumstances of relatively high MB concentration associated with standard clinical MB administration and limited data acquisition time in humans. Subtle morphological and hemodynamic information in microvasculature were shown based on data acquired with single breath-hold and free-hand scanning. Compared with contrast-enhanced power Doppler generated based on the same MB dataset, ULM showed a 5.7-fold resolution improvement in a vessel based on a linear transducer, and provided a wide-range blood flow speed measurement that is Doppler angle-independent. Microvasculatures with complex hemodynamics can be well-differentiated at super-resolution in both normal and pathological tissues. This preliminary study implemented the ultrafast in-human ULM in various human tissues based on a clinical scanner that supports HFR imaging, indicating the potentials of the technique for various clinical applications. However, rigorous validation of the technique in imaging human microvasculature (especially for those tiny vessel structure), preferably with a gold standard, is still required.
Wall shear stress (WSS) is considered as a key factor for atherosclerosis development. Previous WSS research based on pulsed wave Doppler (PWD) showed limitations in complex flows. To improve accuracy for nonlaminar flow, a commercial ultrasound vector flow imaging (UVFI)‐based WSS calculation is proposed. Errors for PWD are presented theoretically when flow is not laminar. Based on this, simulations of WSS calculations between PWD and UVFI were set up for different turbulent flows. Our simulations show that UVFI has obviously better performance than PWD in WSS calculations. Wall shear stress results in different flow conditions at carotid bifurcations are described.
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