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Summary In this paper, we consider the semi‐global leader‐following output consensus problem for a heterogeneous multi‐agent system with input saturation over a directed network on which the leader agent is globally reachable. By using the low gain feedback technique and the output regulation theory, we construct two consensus protocols, of the state feedback type and the output feedback type. In the state feedback case, a distributed leader state observer is constructed to estimate the leader state for each follower agent. In the output feedback case, follower agents are divided into two groups, namely, the informed follower agents that have access to the information of the leader agent and the uninformed follower agents that have not. Besides a distributed leader state observer that is designed for the uninformed agents, state observers are constructed for each follower agents. Based on these observers, the consensus protocols can solve the semi‐global leader‐following output consensus problem. Simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of our proposed approaches.

This paper describes the development of an experimental arrangement and the application of acetone-based Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) measurement techniques to study the unsteady characteristics of heat transfer processes in the parallel-plate heat exchangers of thermoacoustic devices. The experimental rig is a quarter-wavelength acoustic resonator where a standing wave imposes oscillatory flow conditions. Two mock-up heat exchangers: "hot" and "cold", have their fins kept at constant temperatures by electrical heating and water cooling, respectively. A purpose-designed acetone tracer seeding mechanism is used for PLIF temperature measurement. Acetone concentration is optimised from the viewpoint of PLIF signal intensity. Two-dimensional temperature distributions in the gas surrounding the heat exchanger plates, as a function of phase angle in the acoustic cycle, are obtained. Local and global (instantaneous and cycle-averaged) heat flux values on the fin surface are estimated and used to obtain the dependence of the space-cycle averaged Nusselt vs. Reynolds number. Measurement uncertainties are discussed.