This study is the first to report the use of data on incomplete atypical femur fracture (AFF) to evaluate the curvature of femur and explore the relationship between lateral femoral bowing angle (FBA) and AAF location. In this study, we obtained 17 cases of incomplete AFF and calculated the accurate lateral FBA and location ratio of the incomplete fracture. Incomplete fracture location was defined as a percentage (length from lesion to greater trochanter tip/entire femur length %; greater trochanter tip: 0 %; femoral condyles: 100 %). A lateral FBA of 7° was set as the point of demarcation. Eleven femurs had a lateral FBA ≤ 7° (group 1), with a median lateral FBA of 4.75° (IQR 2.5-5.9°) and a median of incomplete AFF location at 25.2 % (IQR 23.4-30.1 %). Another six femurs had a FBA > 7° (group 2) with a median of 1.8° (IQR 10.2-14.3°) and a median location at 47.7 % (IQR 38.6-54.5 %). There was a significant statistical difference in location (p < 0.05) between the two groups. The rate of BP use was 87.5 % in group 1 which was higher than 60 % in group 2. There was some degree of positive correlation between the bowing angle and location in simple linear regression (r (2) = 0.549, p < 0.001, ß = 1.789). AAFs located in diaphysis were associated with large lateral FBA. On the other hand, AAFs located in subtrochanteric region were more commonly found in femurs with smaller lateral FBA. In conclusion, the degree of the FBA was associated with AFF location.
Lysosomes are membrane-bound vesicles that play roles in the degradation and recycling of cellular waste and homeostasis maintenance within cells. False alterations of lysosomal functions can lead to broad detrimental effects and cause various diseases, including cancers. Cancer cells that are rapidly proliferative and invasive are highly dependent on effective lysosomal function. Malignant melanoma is the most lethal form of skin cancer, with high metastasis characteristics, drug resistance, and aggressiveness. It is critical to understand the role of lysosomes in melanoma pathogenesis in order to improve the outcomes of melanoma patients. In this mini-review, we compile our current knowledge of lysosomes’ role in tumorigenesis, progression, therapy resistance, and the current treatment strategies related to lysosomes in melanoma.
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