Nanoparticles (NPs) are the unique tiny materials which exist on a nanometer scale ranging from 1 to 100 nm. These NPs exist in variety of forms. They can be categorized into different groups such as Organic, Inorganic and Carbon-based NPs on the basis of their origin, properties, shape and size. The NPs exhibit enhanced physical and chemical properties such as high surface area, reactivity, stability, sensitivity etc. due to their small size. These NPs can be synthesized by various methods. In recent years, there has been an extensive employment of NPs in a number of industrial & environmental areas of application which is considered to be of prime importance. This critical review article highlights the classification, method of preparation and applications of NPs.
1, 4-dihydropyridines and its derivatives are an important class of heterocyclic scaffolds of low molecular weight. Dihydropyridines act as calcium-channel blockers. They have been used for the treatment of a variety of cardiovascular diseases due to their potential antihypertensive, anti-angina, vasodilator, and cardiac depressant activities. They show antibacterial, anticancer, anti-leishmanial, anticoagulant, anticonvulsant, anti-tubercular, antioxidant, antiulcer, and neuroprotective properties. The reaction to produce 1, 4-dihydropyridines (1, 4-DHPs) was reported by Arthur Hantzsch. This review article will throw light on some green attempts done to improve the synthesis of 1, 4-Dihydropyridine derivatives via Hantzsch reaction.
Placebo effect is considered as an effect which improves patient's health because of his belief in the treatment or drug but has no medical effects. This is mostly related with psychology of the patient and results in improvement of health even on using non clinical treatment. On the other hand, nocebo effect deteriorates the health of the patient due to the negative belief system. In this review paper, we have considered different theories and how placebo effect is beneficial in treatment of various health conditions arising due to psychological factors. Placebo effect has proved to be useful in curing depression, pain, insomnia, fatigue and most recently it has shown positive results in treatment of Corona patients too.
In recent few decades interest has been developed and research has been carried out to study aggressive behaviour. It is known that neurotransmitters control aggression but the mechanisms involved are still not clear. The current pandemic led to many psychological issues. In this study, we did a small online survey and used online reports (newspapers, digital publications) to analyze the psychology of the person because of novel COVID-19 lockdown in India and many psychological health issues experienced by society. This study focuses on aggressive behavior of the person, chemistry & factors related to neurotransmitters with respect to serotonin. Studies suggest that people with low serotonin concentration are aggressive in nature)
In this paper we have presented a green and novel method for the synthesis. We have carried out the synthesis of benzylidenemalononitriles by Knoevenagel condensation in solvent free environment at room temperature by using microwave and sonicator. Excellent yields were obtained in very short duration. Twelve principles of green chemistry which are universally accepted for protection of environment as well as human health from chemical pollution were used. Green synthesis provides an excellent yield with the higher purity and high atom economy. Here we have also presented the comparison of the speed of completion of reaction in microwave and sonicator and the yields obtained.
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