Armour layer scour protections around offshore wind turbine foundations are commonly designed to provide a static protection in storm conditions, which means no or limited movement of rock is allowed (Den Boon et al., 2004, De Vos et al., 2011). This approach often results in large stone sizes and high scour protection costs. Therefore, a dynamic approach can be an interesting alternative. Such a dynamic design can be achieved by decreasing the armour stone size allowing movement of the stones and increasing the armour layer thickness to prevent filter layer exposure. A physical test program was conducted to investigate the feasibility and behaviour of such a dynamically stable scour protection. In this model, a monopile foundation exposed to typical North Sea combinations of unidirectional currents and waves was reproduced in a wave flume. The program included a number of test series each with different water depths. In each test series, the armour layer stone size and the armour layer thickness were varied, in order to obtain a reshaping scour protection, without filter material exposure. Damage and failure were assessed both visually and using a 3D-laser profiler. Because previous works on damage numbers of rock armour layer scour protections mainly focus on static design, a new damage number was introduced and compared to the visual observation. This allowed the definition of a ‘dynamic area’ between static design and failure. Scour pit development in time and equilibrium profiling were also analyzed. The results of the tests showed that the concept of a dynamically stable scour protection is feasible.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

This study aims to improve the design of scour protection around offshore wind turbine monopiles, as well as future-proofing them against the impacts of climate change. A series of large-scale experiments have been performed in the context of the European HYDRALAB-PLUS PROTEUS (Protection of offshore wind turbine monopiles against scouring) project in the Fast Flow Facility in HR Wallingford. These experiments make use of state of the art optical and acoustic measurement techniques to assess the damage of scour protections under the combined action of waves and currents. These novel PROTEUS tests focus on the study of the grading of the scour protection material as a stabilizing parameter, which has never been done under the combined action of waves and currents at a large scale. Scale effects are reduced and, thus, design risks are minimized. Moreover, the generated data will support the development of future scour protection designs and the validation of numerical models used by researchers worldwide. The testing program objectives are: (i) to compare the performance of single-layer wide-graded material used against scouring with current design practices; (ii) to verify the stability of the scour protection designs under extreme flow conditions; (iii) to provide a benchmark dataset for scour protection stability at large scale; and (iv) to investigate the scale effects on scour protection stability.

The increasing energy demand, the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the shrinking reserves of fossil fuels have all enhanced the interest in sustainable and renewable energy sources, including wave energy. Many concepts for wave power conversion have been invented. In order to extract a considerable amount of wave power, single Wave Energy Converters (abbreviated as WECs) will have to be arranged in arrays or ‘farms’ using a particular geometrical layout, comprising large numbers of devices. As a result of the interaction between the WECs within a farm, the overall power absorption is affected. In general, the incident waves are partly reflected, transmitted and absorbed by a single WEC. Also, the wave height behind a large farm of WECs is reduced and this reduction may influence neighbouring farms, other users in the sea or even the coastline (wake effects of a WEC farm). The numerical wave propagation model MILDwave has been recently used to study wake effects and energy absorption of farms of WECs, though without taking into account wave regeneration by wind in the lee of the WEC-farm which can be significant in large distances downwave the WECs. In this paper, the implementation of wave growth due to wind in the hyperbolic mild-slope equations of the wave propagation model, MILDwave is described. Several formulations for the energy input from wind found in literature are considered and implemented. The performance of these formulations in MILDwave is investigated and validated. The modified model MILDwave is then applied for the investigation of the influence of the wind on the wakes in the lee of a farm of wave energy converters.

No abstract

No abstract