Except in the rare polyposis syndromes, the contribution of heritable factors to the genesis of colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps is not well understood. We examined the inheritance of susceptibility to colonic polyps and cancer in a large Utah pedigree with multiple cases of common colorectal cancer but no recognizable inheritance pattern among them. Inheritance was clarified, however, by systematic screening for colonic polyps in pedigree members and spouse controls, using flexible proctosigmoidoscopy. One or more adenomatous polyps were found in 21 per cent of family members (41 of 191) but in only 9 per cent of controls (12 of 132) (P less than 0.005). Pedigree analysis was performed with likelihood methods that compared random occurrence of cancer and polyps with autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant patterns of inheritance. The analysis suggested that the observed excess of discrete adenomatous polyps and colorectal cancers was the result of an inherited autosomal dominant gene for susceptibility, rather than an inherited recessive gene for susceptibility or a chance occurrence. This type of inheritance of colorectal polyps and cancer may be more common than previously recognized.
The current study outlines a technique to simultaneously detect Giardia and Cryptosporidium in raw and tap water samples. The influence of various procedural steps, including filtration, elution, flotation, filter mounting and microscopy, was determined for the method. Overall, the method recovered 48% to 69% of the Giardia and 25% to 42% of the Cryptosporidium in spiked water samples. The method had an averaged detection limit of 1 organism/100 L of tap water. Use of phase-contrast and Nomarski differential interference contrast microscopy could detect false-positive algal cells and determine cysts and oocysts having “non-viable type” morphologies.
A technique for partial nephrectomy using a combination of an Ultrasonic Surgical Aspirator and a neodymium:YAG laser provided better hemostasis and decreased total operative time compared to standard methods. Delayed hemorrhage was not seen, and thermal damage to the remaining renal parenchyma was minimal.
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