Changes in social behavior were a key aspect of human evolution, and yet it is notoriously difficult for paleobiologists to determine patterns of social evolution. By defining the limited number of distributional strategies available to members of each sex of any species and investigating the conditions under which they may occur and change, the social behavior of different hominid taxa may be reconstructed.
SUMMARY
BackgroundThe safety and survival benefit of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for patients with huge hepatocellular carcinoma is uncertain.
Thirteen patients with dystrophic spinal deformities from neurofibromatosis treated by anterior and posterior fusion have been reviewed. The shortest follow-up was five years, the average seven years. Combined fusion produced satisfactory results in patients with a smooth kyphoscoliosis or with scoliosis without kyphosis, but it was unsatisfactory in patients with an angular kyphoscoliosis. Of the five patients with angular kyphoscoliosis, one had a persistent pseudarthrosis after operation and all had progression of the kyphosis despite the treatment. The morbidity rate also was high in this group of patients. Many of the complications were related to soft-tissue manifestations of the disease. It is recommended that very special attention be paid to the dystrophic angular deformity in neurofibromatosis; even anterior and posterior spinal fusion may fail to control its progression.
Batch and continuous cultivation of Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens were systematically studied for the production of succinic acid from whey. Addition of 2.5 g l(-1) yeast extract and 2.5 g l(-1) polypeptone per 10 g l(-1) whey was most effective for succinic acid production from both treated and nontreated whey. When 20 g l(-1) nontreated whey and 7 g l(-1) glucose were used as cosubstrates, the yield and productivity of succinic acid reached at the end of fermentation were 95% and 0.46 g (1 h)(-1), respectively. These values were higher than those obtained using nontreated whey alone [93% and 0.24 g (1 h)(-1) for 20 g l(-1) whey]. Continuous fermentation of A. succiniciproducens at an optimal dilution rate resulted in the production of succinic acid with high productivity [1.35 g (1 h)(-1)], high conversion yield (93%), and higher ratio of succinic acid to acetic acid (5.1:1) from nontreated whey.
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