SARS-CoV-2, a betacoronavirus with a positive-sense RNA genome, has caused the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Although a large number of transcriptional profiling studies have been conducted in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells, little is known regarding the translational landscape of host and viral proteins. Here, using ribosome profiling in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells, we identify structural elements that regulate viral gene expression, alternative translation initiation events, as well as host responses regulated by mRNA translation. We found that the ribosome density was low within the SARS-CoV-2 frameshifting element but high immediately downstream, which suggests the utilization of a highly efficient ribosomal frameshifting strategy. In SARS-CoV-2-infected cells, although many chemokine, cytokine and interferon stimulated genes were upregulated at the mRNA level, they were not translated efficiently, suggesting a translational block that disarms host innate host responses. Together, these data reveal the key role of mRNA translation in SARS-CoV-2 replication and highlight unique mechanisms for therapeutic development.
This study revisits the recent widely ongoing debate over the effects of FDI on the environment in China. Analysis has shown that firms seek to operate in countries with lax environmental standards, namely the PHV. However, the PHL counterargument is also prevalent. This theory stipulates FDI will bring higher environmental management standards and cleaner technologies into the host country. Empirical literature is inconclusive and at times conflicting between some hypotheses therefore this study aims to provide additional clarity on the impact of FDI on the environment in China. This study concludes the existence of both PHV and PHL hypotheses which can be explained by the impact mechanisms of FDI; scale, structural, technique and income effects. The development levels of China using the EKC model hypothesis is used to explain the varying impacts of FDI on the environment. Reflecting on these interesting recent findings in this study, policy implications are discussed and suggestions are provided to improve the impact of FDI on the environment. The future for China is expected to embody an environmental focus in promoting FDI in renewable energy and greener technologies to improve environmental quality.
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