This article reviews professional literature published in 2004 related to career counseling and career development. The literature is divided into 4 broad areas: professional issues, career theory and concepts, career interventions and practice, and career assessment and technology. The authors summarize and discuss the implications of the findings for career counseling practice and research.The annual review organizes the past year's professional career literature and presents a comprehensive summary of works from which the career researcher and practitioner can learn. We admire those who have gone before us in undertaking this project. Not until we were well into it did we realize what a responsibility it is and how overwhelming a task! Our challenge, as it has been for our predecessors, was to allow significant themes as well as unique voices to emerge from the literature and to summarize them in a concise manner that is meaningful for career researchers and practitioners alike. Because the topic of career counseling and development is addressed by many disciplines similar to our own, it is impossible to include every published work that might inform practice. Our search was not exhaustive. To be succinct means that some arbitrary decisions were made about what to include in the discussions that follow. For example, we have not included books, monographs, dissertations, or online articles that appeared in 2004.
Stress in religious leaders was investigated by administering to 250 priests, ministers, seminarians, nuns, and brothers the specially devised Religion and Stress Questionnaire and the Osipow and Spokane Occupational Environment Scales, Personal Strain Questionnaire, and Personal Resources Questionnaire. In‐depth interviews were also conducted with 10% of the subjects. Religious leaders experienced lower overall occupational stress and personal strain and evidenced more personal resources than did the normative population. ANOVAs showed ministers to have the highest overall occupational environment stress and vocational strain and next to the lowest scores in overall personal resources of the five groups of religious professionals. In terms of sensitivity to the stress that women in seminary and ministry experience, male and female seminarians and ministers were most aware of these issues, with priests (males only), nuns, and then brothers (in descending order) sensitive to these concerns.
Academically talented females are likely to aspire to achieve far less than their male cohorts, particularly in the areas of mathematics and science. Several socioculural factors have been identified that create the special problems of the gifted female. The implications of these factors for developing appropriate counseling strategies for intellectually gifted females are discussed.
Theobiology proposes that not only pertinent disciplines from the sciences be brought into theological, psychology-of-religion, and spirituality discussions and analyses but that this be done on a systematic, consistent basis. Theobiology does not presume any primacy of the sciences over theology or the psychology of religion/spirituality or vice versa. Nor is revealed knowledge or divine revelation seen as any less important than scientific knowledge. In this theory and methodology, sciences serve as tools or aids to give us deeper understanding of theology and psychology of religion/spirituality. Theobiology theoretical undergirdings include the philosophical approach, with search for truth coming about through logical reasoning rather than factual direct observation and analysis of bases and concepts of fundamental beliefs, and hermeneutics recognizing that all sciences are needed for the most accurate, appropriate interpretation of theological matters.
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