Background YYD601 was developed as a novel dual delayed release (DDR) formulation of esomeprazole to prolong the plasma esomeprazole concentration and extend the duration of acid suppression. Purpose The pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) characteristics of YYD601 after single and multiple oral administrations were investigated in healthy Korean adults under fasting and fed conditions, and compared with the original esomeprazole capsule. Methods In the single-center, randomized, open-label, parallel-design, two-period study, thirty two volunteers were enrolled into four dosing groups, including esomeprazole 40-mg (group A), YYD60130-mg (group B), YYD601 40-mg (group C), and YYD601 60-mg (group D) once daily for 5 days. Blood samples were collected for PK analysis, before and up to 24 h after dosing. For PD characteristics of YYD601, the percentages of time with intragastric pH > 4 over a 24-h period and during night-time following multiple oral administrations were evaluated. Results A total of 27 subjects completed the study. YYD601 showed a dual-peak PK profile under fasting condition, with delayed T max, compared with conventional formulation. There were no significant differences in the AUC values adjusted for dose between the three YYD601 dosage groups and the conventional esomeprazole 40 mg. The esomeprazole AUC following single and multiple administration decreased with food intake by approximately 33%. YYD601 showed a linear pharmacokinetic profile in the dose range studied. There was no statistically significant difference in increase in mean percentage of time with intragastric pH > 4 for 24-hour and during night-time between the three different doses of YYD601 and the conventional formulation. The treatments were well-tolerated during the study and no serious adverse events were observed. Conclusion YYD601 30 mg has a comparable effect on gastric acid inhibition as conventional esomeprazole 40 mg following once daily oral administration. Single and multiple oral dosing of YYD601 up to 60 mg were safe and well-tolerated throughout the study. Clinical Trial Registry http://clinicaltrials.gov , NCT03558477 (date of registration: June 15, 2018; study period: between October 2017 and February 2018).
Since the re-emergence of Plasmodium vivax in the Republic of Korea (ROK), 32,197 cases of vivax malaria have been reported . The aim of this study was to review the notification records of malaria to the Korean Centres for Disease Control and Prevention to investigate its transmission during the period 2013-2014. Reporting of malaria cases confirmed by microscopic examination is mandatory in the ROK. In this study, all available records of malaria cases and collected malaria vectors from eight locations in Gangwon Province, Gyeonggi Province, and Incheon Metropolitan City during 2013-2014 were reviewed. During the study period, 943 malaria cases were recorded. The number of cases reported in 2013 decreased by 30.6% (385 cases) compared with that in 2012 (555 cases); however, it increased by 44.9% in 2014 (558 cases) compared with that in 2013. This change may be due to the increased malaria vector density. Anopheles sinensis sensu lato increased at most collection sites in 2014 compared with that in 2013. In addition, the annual mean temperature and precipitation were slightly increased in 2014 compared with those in 2013.An increase in the number of malaria cases in a short period requires the attention of the officer in charge in order to treat the disease. More-intensive surveillance is needed in high-risk areas to identify the factors that affect the incidence of malaria in the ROK.
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