Plants growing in environments with different atmospheric conditions may present changes in the morphometric parameters of their leaves. Microgramma squamulosa (Kaulf.) de la Sota is a neotropical epiphytic fern found in impacted environments. The aims of this study were to quantitatively compare structural characteristics of leaves in areas with different air quality conditions, and to identify morphometric parameters that are potential indicators of the effects of pollution on these plants. Fertile and sterile leaves growing on isolated trees were collected from an urban (Estância Velha) and a rural (Novo Hamburgo) environment, in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. For each leaf type, macroscopic and microscopic analyses were performed on 192 samples collected in each environment. The sterile and fertile leaves showed significantly greater thickness of the midrib and greater vascular bundle and leaf blade areas in the rural environment, which is characterized by less air pollution. The thickness of the hypodermis and the stomatal density of the fertile leaves were greater in the urban area, which is characterized by more air pollution. Based on the fact that significant changes were found in the parameters of both types of leaves, which could possibly be related to air pollutants, M. squamulosa may be a potential bioindicator.
RESUMO -(Organização estrutural da folha de Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus (Gomes) L.R. Landrum, Myrtaceae). Com grande distribuição no Brasil e ocorrência principalmente no cerrado, caatinga e floresta atlântica, Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus (Gomes) L.R. Landrum, que está inclusa em um dos menores gêneros de Myrtaceae, é popularmente conhecida como craveiro-do-mato, louro-cravo ou chá-de-bugre. Trata-se de uma espécie nativa e suas folhas são usadas na culinária substituindo o cravo-da-índia (Syzygium aromaticum) devido ao aroma semelhante. O estudo tem o objetivo de caracterizar anatomicamente a folha dessa espécie. Para a confecção do laminário, amostras da região mediana da folha e do pecíolo foram seccionadas em micrótomo de rotação e coradas com azul de toluidina a 1%. Em vista frontal, a epiderme é glabra na face adaxial e pilosa na face abaxial, com tricomas unicelulares. A folha é hipoestomática e os complexos estomáticos são anomocíticos. Em secção transversal, a epiderme é uniestratificada revestida por cutícula espessa e camada subepidérmica formada por 1-2 estratos celulares. O mesofilo é dorsiventral e bainha esclerenquimática envolve o feixe vascular bicolateral. Na folha e no pecíolo observam-se colênquima lacunar, flanges cuticulares, canais secretores e idioblastos contendo drusas e monocristais. Concluise que a espécie possui características freqüentes para Myrtaceae, com exceção da camada subepidérmica e flanges cuticulares, e que os resultados obtidos contribuem com novas informações que podem subsidiar estudos futuros no que se refere à identificação e delimitação do táxon. Palavras-chave: anatomia foliar, drusas, estruturas secretoras, Myrtaceae, PimentaABSTRACT -(Leaf structural organization of Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus (Gomes) L.R. Landrum, Myrtaceae). Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus (Gomes) L.R. Landrum is a native species from Brazil and occurs mainly in cerrado, caatinga and Atlantic rainforest vegetation. It is commonly known as "craveiro-do-mato", "louro-cravo" or "chá-de-bugre". It is a tree species whose leaves are used for cooking; they smell and taste like cloves (Syzygium aromaticum). This study describes the leaf anatomy of the species. The leaves were sliced with a microtome, stained with 1% toluidine blue and prepared on slides. The histological sections were from the medium section, between the edge and the midrib of the leaves The lower leaf epidermis has anomocytic stomata complexes and non-glandular coats. The epidermis is unicellular; its cells are covered by a thick cuticle. The mesophyll is dorsiventral. The bicollateral vascular bundles are sheathed. Idioblasts with druses, monocrystals and lisigenous secretory canals were found along the entire leaf blade. We conclude that leaf anatomy provides new information on the species, with structures common in leaves of Myrtaceae.
RESUMO -(Estudo anatômico comparativo da casca do caule do araçá-amarelo e araçá-vermelho, Psidium cattleianum Sabine, Myrtaceae). Psidium cattleianum, conhecido popularmente como araçá-amarelo e araçá-vermelho, pertence à família Myrtaceae. Esta família possui muitos problemas taxonômicos, e por este motivo, é considerada uma das mais complexas quanto à identificação de suas espécies. Com o propósito de esclarecer estas dificuldades, alguns estudos alternativos vêm sendo realizados, como a anatomia da casca, ferramenta que contribui para a compreensão de problemas taxonômicos, embora atualmente ainda seja pouco explorada. No presente estudo, a estrutura da casca caulinar do araçá-amarelo e do araçá-vermelho foi analisada, verificando se as diferenças existentes na sua anatomia correspondem à hipótese de que os mesmos se tratam de dois táxons para a espécie. Para tanto, foram coletadas amostras de três indivíduos de cada morfotipo, sendo processadas de acordo com o procedimento recomendado para análises estruturais. As diferenças entre os morfotipos podem ser observadas na periderme, no arranjo das células parenquimáticas e, de modo geral, na organização do floema colapsado. Os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa demonstraram que os morfotipos de P. cattleianum, ainda que sejam considerados o mesmo táxon, exibem diferenças no que se refere a organização estrutural da casca do caule.Palavras-chave: anatomia da casca, araçá, Myrtaceae, Psidium cattleianum ABSTRACT -(Comparative anatomy study of stem bark of yellow strawberry-guava and red strawberry-guava, Psidium cattleianum Sabine, Myrtaceae). Psidium cattleianum, known as yellow strawberry-guava and red strawberry-guava, belongs to the Myrtaceae family. This family has many taxonomy problems, and for this reason, is considered one of most complicated the identification of their species. With the intention to clarify these difficulties, some alternative studies are being developed, such as the anatomy of bark, tool that contributes to the understanding of taxonomic problems; however, it is a tool currently few explored. In the present study, the structure of the stem bark of yellow strawberry-guava and red strawberry-guava was analyzed and compared, in order to verify the hypothesis of two taxons for P. cattleianum. For in such a way, samples of three individuals of each morphotypes had been collected and processed in agreement of procedure indicated for structural analyzes. The differences between the morphotypes can be observed in periderm, in the arrangement of parenchymatics cells and, in general way, in the organization of the collapsed phloem. The results gotten in this research showed that the morphotypes of P. cattleianum, despite they are considered the same taxon, exhibit great differences with regard to organizational structure of the stem bark.
RESUMO -(Organização estrutural da casca de Persea major Kopp (Lauraceae)). O presente estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de contribuir ao conhecimento da estrutura da casca de Persea major Kopp (Lauraceae), espécie nativa da América do Sul. No Brasil, é conhecida, popularmente, como "pau de andrade" e utilizada na cultura tradicional na cicatrização dos ferimentos. A análise da casca foi feita usando microscopia de óptica. A casca se distingue, principalmente, pelo tipo e distribuição dos tecidos esclerenquimáticos e a presença de células oleíferas e mucilaginosas. As características encontradas na estrutura da casca desta espécie mostram grande importância para a identificação e servem como parâmetros no controle de qualidade. Estas células oleíferas e mucilaginosas com uma distribuição restrita nas dicotiledôneas constituem uma característica taxonômica e diagnóstica particularmente valiosa.Palavras-chave: anatomia de casca, anatomia vegetal, Lauraceae, Persea major ABSTRACT -(Structural organization of Persea major Kopp bark (Lauraceae)). The study was undertaken to increase our knowledge of bark structure of Persea major Kopp (Lauraceae), a native specie from South America. In Brazil, it is known as "pau de andrade" and is used by traditional cultures to heal injuries. This analysis was done by light microscopy. The bark is distinguished mainly by the type and distribution of sclerenchymatic tissues, and the presence of oil and mucilage cells. The characteristics found in the bark anatomy of this species are of great importance for identification purposes and as parameters in quality control. These oil and mucilage cells have a restricted distribution in the dicotyledons and constitute a particularly valuable taxonomic and diagnostic feature.
This study aimed to evaluate the existence of leaf anatomic characteristics in Tabebuia alba changed by air pollutants, which could be used as tool for a bioindication program. The quantification of mutagenic events on pollen grains also were measured. For this, median leaves and pre-anthesis flowers were collected from the adult plants from three places of Curitiba and one place in Araucaria, all nearby to the air monitoring stations. The comparison of the four study sites showed a reduction in leaf area, an increasing of stomatal density, subepidermic layer, epidermis in both faces and the amount of micronucleus. Also, there was reduction of chlorophyllian parenchymas at the site where there was the higher average for the ozone level. It was concluded that these modifications might be a consequence of the effect of troposferic pollution on T. alba plants. However, further studies with this species would be necessary to confirm its potential for bioindication.
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