Adaptation to already discernible climate changes, particularly an increase in extreme events, is an urgent task for all nations. This article argues that adaptation is an urgent priority, especially for the developing world, to build a resilient society. For poor nations, poverty alleviation is the main policy driver, although changes in livelihood strategies are driven by a range of factors. Using a case study, direct and indirect adaptation is examined with reference to the specific livelihoods of the Chagga people on Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Evidence suggests that coping strategies to maintain livelihood systems can work against long-term adaptation to climate change, unless there is linkage to poverty alleviation. Linking climate change adaptation to project development through notions of additionality does not carry sufficient leverage to simultaneously address poverty alleviation and climate change. It is suggested that, rather than micro-economic project management, a broader macro-economic frame be established. A rights-based approach is argued as a vital driver for informing financial, institutional, political and technological policies and instruments.L'adaptation aux changements climatiques déjà discernables, en particulier l'augmentation des évènements extrêmes, est une tâche urgente pour toutes les nations. Cet article soutient que l'adaptation est une priorité urgente, particulièrement dans le but de permettre au monde en développement de construire une société résiliente. Pour les nations pauvres, la réduction de la pauvreté est le principal moteur des politiques, bien que l'evolution des stratégies de subsistance soit influencés par plusieurs facteurs. Sur la base d'une étude de cas, l'adaptation directe et indirecte sont examinées en faisant référence aux modes de subsistance particuliers des Chagga du Kilimandjaro en Tanzanie. L'évidence suggère que les stratégies de lutte au maintien des systèmes de subsistance peuvent aller à l'encontre de l'adaptation à long terme au changement climatique, à moins qu'il y ait un lien avec la lutte contre de la pauvreté. Intégrer l'adaptation au changement climatique au développement de projet à travers les notions d'additionalité n'a pas une portée suffisante pour attaquer simultanément la réduction de la pauvreté et le changement climatique. La mise en place d'un cadre macro-économique plus large serait préférable à une gestion de projet micro-économique. Il est argumenté qu'une approche fondée sur les droits est un moteur essentiel pour informer les politiques et instruments financiers, institutionnels, politiques et technologiques.
Since its inception, the European Union (EU) has been at the forefront of the promotion of gender equality. A key feature of the EUs approach to gender equality was the development and promotion of Gender Mainstreaming (GM) as an innovative approach to achieving gender equality. GM has been used as an approach to integrate gender into programme formulation, design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation across the EU policy programmes, including the European Structural and Investment Funds (ESIF), which plays a key role for both the inclusion and promotion of the contributions of women in economic development.
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