Purpose To evaluate the effects of the combination of exercise training (ET) and statins in people living with human immunodeficiency virus. Methods This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Eighty-three people living with human immunodeficiency virus were assigned to either placebo (PL), statins (STA), PL + ET (PLET) or STA + ET (STAET) groups. Volunteers assigned to STA and STAET groups were administered 10 mg of rosuvastatin, whereas the PL and PLET groups were administered a placebo. The PLET and STAET groups performed ET three times a week. Before and after the 12-wk follow-up, the volunteers underwent to anthropometric assessment and blood collection to evaluate lipid profile, cardiovascular markers, inflammatory profile; a Doppler ultrasound examination, muscle strength (MS) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CF) tests were performed. Results There was a decrease in total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, interleukin (IL)-1β and right carotid intima-media thickness in the STA, PLET, and STAET groups compared with PL group (P < 0.001). Furthermore, there was a decrease in total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 levels and in left and right carotid intima-media thickness and an increase in HDL-c levels in the STAET groups compared with the STA (P ≤ 0.001) and PLET groups (P ≤ 0.001). There was an increase in IL-10 levels, peak-systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity, wall shear rate in the PLET and STAET groups compared with the PL (P ≤ 0.001) and STA groups (P ≤ 0.001). The PLET and STAET groups reduced body fat mass, body fat percentage and increased lean body mass, MS and CF compared with PL (P ≤ 0.001) and STA (P ≤ 0.001) groups. Conclusions The combination of ET and statins is useful to enhance lipid and inflammatory profiles, reduce cardiovascular disease markers, and improve Doppler ultrasound findings, MS and CF in people living with HIV.

Introduction: The cardiovascular system is the most submitted to overload during exercise practice. However, there is a lack of knowledge about heart response under different recovery intervals (RI). Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the heart overload, using as cardiovascular parameter, the heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and double product (DP) under different recovery intervals (RI), delimited in 45'' (RI45''), 60'' (RI60'') and 90'' (RI90'') seconds. Methods: The study analyzed 10 volunteers, age 21.5 ± 6.04 years, weight 77.5 ± 10.62 kg and height 179 ± 7 cm, who were submitted to a protocol of three sets of 12 repetitions of 60% 1RM in Leg Press 45º apparatus. The Wilcoxon test was used to compare hemodynamic variables with significance level when p ≤ 0.05. Results: There were significant differences of all variables when compared to pre-state effort with subsequent sets. The SBP was different between the first and the other sets. Moreover, difference between the second and third sets with RI45'' has been observed, and in the third set, the RI45'' presented greater values when compared to RI90''. Similarly, HR presented difference between the first and all other sets in all RI. The RI45'' and RI60'' showed differences between the second and third sets. However, DP has demonstrated difference between the first and all others sets in all RI, and, the RI45'' and RI60'' showed difference between the second and third sets. Conclusion: According to the results, it is concluded that SBP and HR are sensitive to the number of intrasets, but there was no difference when comparing RI with each other. However, there is greater tendency of RI45'' to cause increased cardiac overload, primarily by increase in SBP.

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Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has significantly increased the life expectancy of HIV-infected people. Thus, this population has experienced non-HIV-related diseases, mainly cardiovascular diseases. Thus, in our review, we intend to understand the cardiovascular risk factors that trigger this situation. We have demonstrated that both ART and traditional cardiovascular risk factors contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected people. Thus, it becomes important to stratify the risk factors to reduce this scenario.

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Objective: Investigate the effect of GC-1 on tolerance to exercise in rats with experimental hypothyroidism. Materials and methods: Hypothyroidism was induced with methimazole sodium and perchlorate treatment. Six groups with eight animals were studied: control group (C), hypothyroid group without treatment (HYPO); hypothyroidism treated with physiological doses of tetraiodothyronine (T 4 ) or 10 times higher (10×T 4 ); hypothyroidism treated with equal molar doses of GC-1 (GC-1) or 10 times higher (10×GC-1). After eight weeks, each animal underwent an exercise tolerance test by measuring the time (seconds), in which the rats were swimming with a load attached to their tails without being submerging for more than 10 sec. After the test, the animals were killed, and blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis, and the heart and soleus muscle were removed for weighing and morphometric analysis of the cardiomyocyte. Results: Hypothyroidism significantly reduced tolerance to exercise and, treatment with GC-1 1× or T 4 in physiological doses recover tolerance test to normal parameters. However, high doses of T 4 also decreased tolerance to physical exercise. Conversely, ten times higher doses of GC-1 did not impair tolerance to exercise. Interestingly, hypothyroidism, treated or not with T4 in a physiological range, GC-1 or even high doses of GC-1 (10X) did not change cardiomyocyte diameters and relative weight of the soleus muscle. In contrast, higher doses of T 4 significantly increased cardiomyocyte diameter and induced atrophy of the soleus muscle. Conclusion: Unlike T 4 , GC-1 in high doses did not modify tolerance to physical exercise in the rats with hypothyroidism. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2015;59(2):141-7

Pseudoacoustic algorithms are very fast in comparison with full elastic ones for vertical transversely isotropic (VTI) modeling, so they are suitable for many applications, especially reverse time migration. Finite differences using simple grids are commonly used to solve pseudoacoustic equations. We have developed and implemented general high-order 3D pseudoacoustic transversely isotropic formulations. The focus is the development of staggered-grid finite-difference algorithms, known for their superior numerical properties. The staggered-grid schemes based on first-order velocity-stress wave equations are developed in detail as well as schemes based on direct application to second-order stress equations. This last case uses the recently presented equivalent staggered-grid theory, resulting in a staggered-grid scheme that overcomes the problem of large memory requirement. Two examples are presented: a 3D simulation and a prestack reverse time migration application, and we perform a numerical analysis regarding computational cost and precision. The errors of the new schemes are smaller than the existing nonstaggered-grid schemes. In comparison with existing staggered-grid schemes, they require 25% less memory and only have slightly greater computational cost.

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