Equisetum giganteum L., commonly called "giant horsetail", is an endemic species of Latin America. Its aerial parts have been widely used in ethnomedicine as a diuretic and in herbal medicine and food supplements as a raw material. The phenolic composition of E. giganteum stems was studied by liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection (LC-DAD) and liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS), which identified caffeic acid derivatives, flavonoids and styrylpyrones. The most abundant glycosilated flavonoids in this sample were kaempferol derivatives. Other rare phenolic components, namely, quercetin-3-O-(caffeoyl)-glucoside and 3-hydroxyhispidin-3,4'-di-O-glucoside, were reported for first time in the Equisetum genus. An LC-UV method for the simultaneous quantification of flavonoid aglycones in E. giganteum obtained after hydrolysis was developed and validated. The method exhibited excellent linearity for all analytes, with regression coefficients above 0.998, LOD ≥ 0.043μg mL(-1), LOQ ≥ 0.158 μg mL(-1) and recovery rates of 96.89-103.33% and 98.22-102.49% for quercetin and kaempferol, respectively. The relative standard deviation for the intra- and inter-day precision was ≤ 3.75%. The hydrolysis process was optimized by central composite rotational design and response surface analysis. The second-order response models for the aglycones contents were as follows: quercetin (μg g(-1))=24.8102+55.2823 × HCl+0.776997 × Time-7.23852 × HCl(2)-7.46528E-04 × Time(2)-0.229167 × HCl × Time; kaempferol (μg g(-1))=-9.66755+974.822 × HCl+11.8059 × Time-130.612 × HCl(2)-0.0125694×Time(2) -3.22917 × HCl × Time, with estimated optimal conditions of 1.18 M HCl and 205 min of hydrolysis. The results obtained with these new methods were compared to those from a spectrophotometric assay used to determine the total flavonoids in the Equisetum arvense monograph (Horsetail, British Pharmacopoeia 2011). For all four species analyzed (E. giganteum, E. arvense, E. hyemale and E. bogotense), the calculated aglycone content was higher using the optimized hydrolysis conditions. Additionally, the LC method was more appropriate and specific for quantitative analysis.
Summary:Purpose: Methylmalonic acid (MMA) inhibits succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity in vitro. Acute intrastriatal administration of MMA induces convulsions through glutamatergic mechanisms probably involving primary adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion and free radical generation. In this study we investigated whether the intrastriatal administration of MMA causes lipoperoxidation and alteration in Na + , K + -ATPase activity ex vivo and characterized the electrographic changes elicited by the intrastriatal administration of this organic acid.Methods: MMA-induced lipoperoxidation, alterations in Na + , K + -ATPase activity and electrographic changes were measured by measuring total thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances and inorganic phosphate release by spectrophotometry, and by depth electrode recording, respectively.Results: We demonstrated that intrastriatal MMA (6 mmol) injection causes convulsive behavior and electrographically recorded convulsions that last ∼2 h. Concomitant with the increase of thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (TBARS) content, we observed a significant inhibition of Na + ,K + -ATPase activity in the striatum, and activation of Na + ,K + -ATPase activity in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex. Intrastriatal MMA injection increased the content of TBARS in the striatum measured 30 min (32.4 ± 12.0%, compared with the noninjected contralateral striatum) and 3 h (39.7 ± 5.1%, compared with the noninjected contralateral striatum) after MMA injection. TBARS content of the ipsilateral cerebral cortex increased after MMA injection at 30 min (42.1 ± 6.0%) and 3 h (40.4 ± 20.2%), and Na + ,K + -ATPase activity in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex increased during ictal activity (113.8 ± 18%) and returned to basal levels as electrographic convulsions vanished in the cortex. Interestingly, intrastriatal MMA administration induced a persistent decrease in Na + ,K + -ATPase activity only in the injected striatum (44.9 ± 8.1% at 30 min and 68.7 ± 9.4 at 3 h).Conclusions: These data suggest that MMA induces lipoperoxidation associated with Na + ,K + -ATPase inhibition or activation, depending on the cerebral structure analyzed. It is suggested that Na + ,K + -ATPase inhibition may play a primary role in generating MMA-induced convulsions. Key Words: Na + ,K + -ATPase-TBARS-Methylmalonic academia-Methylmalonate-Convulsion-EEG-StriatumCortex-Rat.Methylmalonic acid (MMA) is the main metabolite that accumulates in the methylmalonic acidemias, which are inherited metabolic disorders caused by a severe deficiency of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (EC 5.4.99.2) activity. These syndromes are clinically characterized by neurologic deficits, including delayed development, hypomyelination, convulsions, and hypotrophy of the basal ganglia. Other biochemical abnormalities occur as a result of the primary metabolic impairment, such as hyperammonemia, hypoglycemia, and metabolic acidosis (1). Accumulating evidence suggests that MMA may play a central role in the neurotoxicity cha...
Equisetum giganteum is a plant used in traditional medicine as diuretic. From our knowledge this is the first time this plant is tested in an in vivo model of acute inflammation. To evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of giant horsetail (AEGH) as immunomodulatory therapy, antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) was generated in mice with methylated bovine serum albumin (mBSA). Inflammation was evaluated by articular nociception, leukocytes migration and lymphocyte proliferation. AEGH reduced nociception at 3, 6 and 24 h (P < 0.01), decreased leukocyte migration (P < 0.015), and inhibited lymphocyte proliferation stimulated with Concanavalin A and Lipopolysaccharide (P < 0.05). In conclusion, AEGH has an anti-inflammatory potential in acute model of inflammation, as well as immunomodulatory effect on both B and T lymphocytes, with an action independent of cytotoxicity.
Neste trabalho é relatada a avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana dos extratos diclorometânico e etanólico, obtidos por maceração das partes aéreas de S. heterotrichius pelo método de microdiluição em caldo, frente a patógenos bacterianos e fúngicos. O extrato diclorometânico evidenciou boa atividade inibitória frente a Candida krusei (CIM de 0,25 mg/mL) e moderada atividade frente a Staphylococcus aureus (CIM de 2,5 mg/mL). O extrato etanólico mostrou-se inativo frente aos microrganismos testados. Também foi isolado o constituinte majoritário do extrato diclorometânico, cuja análise espectroscópica indicou tratar-se de um sesquiterpeno, identificado como germacreno D.
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