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This paper presents an in situ study of the crystallographic phases formed during the thermal treatment of precursors of vanadium and molybdenum oxides, measured under synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The interest in the speciation of Mo x V y O z mixed oxides lies in the excellent catalytic performance of these materials for the selective conversion of glycerol to acrylic acid employing the oxydehydration reaction. The crystallographic structure of the active phases of Mo x V y O z directly influences on the nearby metal valence and, therefore, on the dynamic changes in metal oxidation states during the catalytic reaction. In the present study, the thermal treatment of a mixture of the precursors of Mo and V under oxidizing or inert atmospheres revealed the major formation of 61% of MoV 2 O 8 or 29% of Mo 4 V 6 O 25 , respectively, at a final temperature of 500 • C. The most active phase for acrylic acid formation was MoV 2 O 8 (3.5 times more active than the separate metal oxides), due to the instability of the phase with respect to framework oxygen at the reaction temperature. The cycle of reduction and oxidation of the vanadium in MoV 2 O 8 during the reaction caused pronounced dynamic formation of oxygen vacancies, resulting in 97% conversion of glycerol and 32% selectivity towards acrylic acid.

The present investigation hypothesized that the reliability of reduced-thickness monolithic lithium disilicate crowns is high relative to that of veneered zirconia (Y-TZP) and comparable with that of metal ceramic (MCR) systems. CAD/CAM first mandibular molar full-crown preparations were produced with uniform thicknesses of either 1.0-mm or 2.0-mm occlusal and axial reduction, then replicated in composite for standard crown dies. Monolithic 1.0-mm (MON) and 2.0-mm CAD/ CAM lithium disilicate crowns, the latter with a buccal thin veneer (BTV) of 0.5 mm, were fabricated and then sliding-contact-fatigued (step-stress method) until failure or suspension (n = 18/group). Crack evolution was followed, and fractography of post mortem specimens was performed and compared with that of clinical specimens. Use level probability Weibull calculation (use load = 1,200 N) showed interval overlaps between MON and BTV. There was no significant difference between the Weibull characteristic failure loads of MON and BTV (1,535 N [90% CI 1,740] and 1,609 N [90% CI 1,512-1,712], respectively), which were significantly higher than that of ) and comparable with that of MCR (1,304 N [90% CI 1,414]), validating the study hypothesis.

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Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the internal fit (IF) of glass-infiltrated alumina (ICA - In-Ceram Alumina), yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (Y-TZP - IPS e.max ZirCAD), and metal-ceramic (MC - Ni-Cr alloy) crowns. Material and Methods Sixty standardized resin-tooth replicas of a maxillary first molar were produced for crown placement and divided into 3 groups (n=20 each) according to the core material used (metal, ICA or Y-TZP). The IF of the crowns was measured using the replica technique, which employs a light body polyvinyl siloxane impression material to simulate the cement layer thickness. The data were analyzed according to the surfaces obtained for the occlusal space (OS), axial space (AS) and total mean (TM) using two-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparison test (p<0.05). Results No differences among the different areas were detected in the MC group. For the Y-TZP and ICA groups, AS was statistically lower than both OS and TM. No differences in AS were observed among the groups. However, OS and TM showed significantly higher values for ICA and Y-TZP groups than MC group. Comparisons of ICA and Y-TZP revealed that OS was significantly lower for Y-TZP group, whereas no differences were observed for TM. Conclusions The total mean achieved by all groups was within the range of clinical acceptability. However, the metal-ceramic group demonstrated significantly lower values than the all-ceramic groups, especially in OS.