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The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of pollinating insects on canola productivity for different commercial hybrids, Hyola 61 and Hyola 433, in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The studies were conducted at the Fazenda Experimental Água Limpa of the Federal University of Uberlândia. To evaluate the influence of pollination by bees on the production of canola seeds, an experiment was carried out to exclude floral visitors and compare canola seed production following four treatments: (a) autogamy in Hyola 61, (b) autogamy in Hyola 433, (c) open pollination in Hyola 61, with insects having free access, and (d) open pollination in Hyola 433, with insects having free access. Flowers that were available for pollination had 25% and 18.8% heavier pods and 22.5% and 20.6% more seeds per pod in Hyola 61 and Hyola 433, respectively, than those bagged without pollination. The results show that the cross-pollination process, fostered by pollinator visits, positively influenced some parameters related to production, presenting an advantage in relation to canola autogamy in Cerrado Mineiro.Serviços de polinização na produção de sementes de canola no Cerrado de Uberlândia, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil RESUMO. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a influência da polinização por abelhas na produtividade de canola em diferentes híbridos comerciais, Hyola 61 e Hyola 433, em Minas Gerais. Os estudos foram conduzidos na Fazenda Experimental Água Limpa da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Para avaliar os efeitos da polinização de abelhas na produtividade nas sementes de canola, realizou-se um experimento com exclusão dos visitantes florais, comparando a produção em quatro tratamentos: (a) autogamia em Hyola 61 e (b) autogamia em Hyola 433; (c) polinização aberta em Hyola 61 e (d) polinização aberta em Hyola 433 com acesso livre de insetos. As flores disponíveis para polinização apresentaram 25% e 18,8% sílicas mais pesadas e 22,5% e 20,6% mais sementes por sílica em Hyola 61 e Hyola 433, respectivamente, do que aquelas privadas de polinização. Os resultados apontaram que o processo de polinização cruzada, favorecida pela visita de insetos polinizadores, influenciou positivamente alguns parâmetros relacionados a produção, demonstrando-se vantajosa em relação à autogamia da canola no Cerrado Mineiro.Palavras-chave: Apis mellifera; Brassica napus; tropicalização; produtividade.

The objective of this study was to verify floral visitors of canola in the Triângulo Mineiro region, Minas Gerais, Brazil. A completely randomized plot design with two hybrids and 10 replicates was used, totaling 20 plots. The survey of floral visitors was made during 10 days. Faunal analyses of the collected species were performed based on frequency, constancy, dominance, and diversity. A total of 2,676 individuals belonging to 13 species of bees of two families (Apidae and Halictidae) were collected. The diversity index found among hybrids was similar (1.28 in hybrid 61 and 1.50 in hybrid 433). The species Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 (Hymenoptera: Apidae), Paratrigona lineata (Lepeletier, 1836) (Hymenoptera: Apidae), and Trigona spinipes (Fabricius, 1793) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) were the most abundant and constant in the crops during all the evaluated days for both hybrids. So, it is important that efforts be made to conserve natural areas close to crops in order to provide resources for the permanence of floral visitors in the area.

The structural complexity of galls depends on species-specific interaction driven by the galling taxa. However, the host plant and environment stressors can impose limits on gall developmental patterns and impact the establishment of gall morphology. Herein, we employed qualitative and quantitative approaches in order to elucidate how cell divisions, elongation patterns, and tissue organization are determinant for the development of intralaminar gall morphology induced by Pseudophacopteron longicaudatum Malenovský, Burckhardt, Queiroz, Isaias & Oliveira (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Phacopteronidae) on leaves of Aspidosperma tomentosum Mart. (Apocynaceae). In addition, we aimed to determine which anatomical process can discriminate the stages of gall development, plus, examine the histochemical and cytological profiles of the galls. The differentiated structures, mainly abaxial epidermis and spongy parenchyma, are associated with gall closure, with hyperplastic events concentrated in the young phase of the galls. Thus, epidermis and spongy parenchyma hypertrophy and are responsible for the determination of the nymphal chamber formation and gall shape. The mature galls do not differentiate into a typical nutritive cells and do not develop a histochemical gradient in their tissues. The cytological features of galls such as plastoglobules and multivesicular bodies are related to ROS scavenging mechanisms due the high oxidative stress.

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