We investigated the effects of the juçara fruit ( Euterpe edulis Martius) pulp and lyophilized extract on the expression of cytoprotective genes nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related factor 2 ( NRF2 ), kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 ( KEAP1 ), superoxide dismutase ( SOD1 ), and glutathione peroxidase ( GPX2 ) in human colorectal cancer cell lines (HT-29 and Caco-2). Cells were cultured for 24 h in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium containing juçara fruit pulp (5, 10, or 50 mg/mL) or lyophilized extract (0.05, 0.1, or 0.5 mg/mL), and gene expression was quantified using real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. All studied genes showed significant variation in gene expression among different concentrations of pulp or lyophilized extract. Overall, the expression of the selected genes decreased in both cell lines following exposure to the pulp or lyophilized extract in a dose-dependent manner for most of the concentrations studied. In summary, our study showed that the compounds in juçara fruit inhibited the expression of cytoprotective genes associated with the antioxidant response and that, although not cytotoxic at the concentrations studied, they could potentially block the activation of the NRF2/KEAP1 pathway.
Resumo: No exame de urina é possível identificar parâmetros como pH, glicose, cetona, proteína, bilirrubina, urobilinogênio, densidade, hemoglobina, leucócitos, ácido ascórbico, outros
Background: Differences of the size of the adrenal glands, in healthy dogs or in endocrinopathies, undermine correct diagnosis of endocrine disorders and evaluations of the adrenal cortex in relation to its size and possible correlation with endocrinopathies are rare. The aim of the present study was to perform measurements of the length, width, thickness and weight of the adrenal glands of young, adult and elderly mixed-breed dogs and correlate them with the age, sex and weight of animals. In addition, the areas occupied by the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex were measured in order to establish a microscopic biometric pattern.Material, Methods & Results: The right and left adrenal glands of 12 young (six females and six males), 12 adults (six females and six males), and 12 elderly (six females and six males), all mongrels, derived from routine and necropsied in the Animal Pathology Sector of the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Espírito Santo (HOVET-UFES) were weighed and the length, width, and thickness were measured. For the microscopic measurement of the adrenal cortex, 10 randomly selected samples were submitted to routine histological processing and the microscope slides were observed under a light microscope at 5× and 10× objectives, photodocumented and measurements were obtained from a random portion of the adrenal cortex and the zones composing the cortex were measured in triplicate with the aid of the computerized image analysis software. The left adrenal showed a greater average length than the right adrenal in young, adult, and elderly dogs. The size of the glands in the young and adult dogs is not influenced by the sex of the animals, but in older dogs the females had a greater mean width than the males. The weight of the animals presented a positive correlation in relation to the length and weight of the right and left adrenal glands in all studied groups. The age did not influence the length and weight variables of the glands. However, some differences in thickness and width were observed in the elderly group compared to those in other groups. For the microscopic measurements in the right adrenal gland, the cortex was 1.53 mm, being 0.21 mm for the glomerular zone (14.6% of the total adrenal cortex), 1.04 mm for the zona fasciculata (66.9%), and 0.29 mm for the zona reticularis (18.5%). In the left adrenal gland, the cortex was 1.83 mm, being 0.23 mm for the glomerular zone (13.2% of the total adrenal cortex), 1.23 mm for the zona fasciculata (63.96%), and 0.37 for the zona reticularis (22.84%).Discussion: Studies on the size of the adrenal gland in dogs using macroscopic biometrics are scarce, and the current study presents results regarding mixed-breed (male and female) dogs of different ages, which presented variation in size and weight, which could also influence the size of the adrenal gland. Thus, it can be observed that a variation of measurements can be found, especially for dogs with no defined breed. These results demonstrate the importance of studies that perform the macroscopic analysis of such glands. It was concluded that there was a clear variation in the size of the adrenal glands in mixed-breed dogs of different ages and both sexes; the left adrenal showed greater lengths and weights than the right gland. The sex of the animals did not influence the size of the glands in young and adult dogs, but in elderly dogs, the females showed a greater mean width than the males. The right and left adrenal cortices are formed at a greater percentage by the zona fasciculata, followed by the zona reticularis and zona glomerulosa.
Substâncias antioxidantes podem proteger contra o desenvolvimento do câncer colorretal, reduzindo focos de criptas aberrantes (FCA) e o desenvolvimento neoplásico. O fruto da palmeira juçara possui consideráveis níveis de compostos antioxidantes, como as antocianinas. Desta forma, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da suplementação com produtos à base da polpa do fruto juçara sobre os FCA, bem como o desenvolvimento e características histopatológicas de neoplasias colorretais em modelo in vivo de carcinogênese colorretal. Assim, a indução carcinogênica colorretal ocorreu com 1,2-dimetilhidrazina (DMH) em 31 ratos distribuídos em três grupos: Grupo controle positivo (DMH+/Juçara-); Grupo suplementado com polpa do fruto juçara (DMH+/Juçara+); Grupo suplementado com extrato do fruto juçara (DMH+/Juçara Extract). Outros 10 ratos foram mantidos como controle negativo (DMH-/Juçara-). O suco e extrato liofilizado reconstituído da polpa do fruto juçara, na proporção 1:10 equivalente a 0,10708 mg/mL de cianidina-3-glicosídeo, foram disponibilizados três vezes por semana, por gavagem, durante 18 semanas, considerando 1 mg/Kg de cianidina-3-glicosídeo. Na 10ª semana foram avaliados os FCA. Na 23ª semana foram analisadas as lesões macroscópicas acima de 0,1 cm em sua maior porção em mucosa intestinal, por meio da histopatologia. Houve redução significativa no número total de FCA (p = 0,0151) e no número de FCA com mais de 3 criptas (p=0,0049) no grupo DMH+/Juçara+ quando comparado ao grupo DMH+/Juçara-. O percentual de redução dos FCA total foi de 50,12% no grupo DMH+/Juçara+, e 23,23% no grupo DMH+/JuçaraExtract. Quanto aos FCA > 3, a redução foi de 64,02% no grupo DMH+/Juçara+ e de 21,34% no grupo DMH+/JuçaraExtract. Lesões benignas predominaram nos grupos induzidos à carcinogênese colorretal e não foram dependentes da suplementação com produto à base da polpa do fruto juçara. Foram observados adenocarcinoma tubular colorretal, esse com o desenvolvimento reduzido com a suplementação com produtos à base da polpa do fruto juçara (principalmente com o extrato liofilizado); e o adenocarcinoma anel em sinete, com desenvolvimento favorecido pelos produtos oriundos da polpa de juçara. A inflamação no microambiente tumoral sofreu influência da suplementação com produtos à base da polpa do fruto juçara, com destaque para a diminuição de inflamação intensa e ganho no abrandamento da inflamação no grupo DMH+/Juçara+. Os produtos à base da polpa do fruto juçara influenciaram a dinâmica da tumorigênese colorretal, promovendo, principalmente, a redução dos focos de criptas aberrantes com o uso do suco da polpa. Além disso, foram capazes de reduzir o aparecimento de adenocarcinoma tubular colorretal e a intensidade da inflamação no microambiente tumoral, porém, favorecendo o surgimento de adenocarcinoma anel em sinete.
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