Since 2015, the tax advantage of the R&D of entrepreneurs in Slovakia has been in the form of indirect support of innovation and creativity in companies. It could be a competitive advantage for the entrepreneurs who apply them. They are important on the revenue level, e.g. in the creation of a new product and on the cost level, in streamlining the conduct of business. This article aims to analyze the application of super-deduction in tax due to R&D carried out by entrepreneurs in Slovakia from the first year and focuses on R&D in the Slovak Republic from 2015 to 2018. Theoretical interpretations of R&D in legislative standards at transnational and national levels, different tax policies on innovation and gross domestic spending are defined at the outset. The theoretical background is important from the point of view of understanding the R&D in the conditions of the Slovak Republic, where the following quantitative research is carried out. As the main method of investigation, we used the quantitative analysis and comparison that we use to compare the increasing number of companies that used the R&D cost (expenditure) deduction in the context of legal form in the period considered for the years 2015 to 2018 and the amounts of applied super-deduction for individual types of companies. The performed quantitative analysis shows a weak use of the provided income tax relief in the form of super-deduction of costs in connection with the implementation of R&D by companies in Slovakia, despite the year-on-year growing trend. Due to the relative representation of individual legal forms of entities in Slovakia, according to our research, Limited Liability Companies apply a super-deduction of R&D costs annually in the period under review. The number of these entities is constantly growing, as is the amount of the super-deduction applied. Based on the findings, we can state that the increased percentage deduction rate had a positive effect on the motivation of entrepreneurs to apply incentives.
Since 2015, companies in Slovakia have had a very effective tool for financing innovation: deduction of research and development expenses. It is an indirect support for research and development, which is provided to the company through a tax credit for expenses incurred for research and development activities. The amount of supercomputing gradually increased during the first years. The year 2018 was a breakthrough in the application of supercomputing, as the rate increased to 100% compared to previous years, when entrepreneurs could claim only 25% of expenditure (costs) on research and development. Thanks to R&D, taxpayers can therefore apply a reduction in the tax base (tax relief) and a precisely defined amount in addition to their normal business activities, regardless of whether R&D activities are the core of their business or are only ancillary to their main business. activities. These options apply to all tax entities investing in development activities, regardless of whether they are natural persons (entrepreneurs), small legal entities or large multinational corporations. The aim of this paper is to analyze the application of supercomputing to research and development by entrepreneurs in the context of the financial situation of companies in the Slovak Republic in 2018 using financial and statistical indicators.
The super-deduction of research and development allows any company based in Slovakia, which implements innovative or development projects, to deduct from the tax base for the second time the expenses it has incurred for these projects. The savings that each innovative company would receive in 2018 by using a super-deduction for R&D after meeting the legislative requirements in Slovakia was an extra €21,000 for every €100,000 invested in development and innovation projects. Compared to 2017, the level of super- deduction in 2018 has increased fourfold from 25% to 100% of relevant expenses. The research aims to analyse the projects implemented by the companies in 2018 in Slovakia in the framework of R&D in the content of the projects and the related amount of the deduction which were supported. The research shows that not every business subject carried out R&D only within its focus of the main business.
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