The relationship between interface structure (e. g., the facet of the solid phase and the configuration of solvation) and the reactivity of the corresponding electrode is a critical issue in electrochemistry. Compared to macroscopic electrode measurements, electrochemical methods established on the single-particle scale have advantages in establishing the structure-property relationship. In recent years, great achievements have been made in electrochemical energy storage and electrocatalysis that allow the evolution and kinetics of electrodes to be understood by employing single-particle measurements. This concept aims to provide an overview of the update of single-particle measurements in related electrochemical processes. Furthermore, the challenges and prospects for the development and application of single-particle measurements are also discussed.
Diffusion coefficients of ion in graphitic materials are responsible for high-rate batteries. However, the complex electrochemical response presents a challenge to accurately measuring the diffusion coefficient of alkali-metal ions in graphitic materials. Here we design a method to identify the diffusion coefficients of Li+ and Na+ in highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) with and without presence of liquid electrolyte infiltration. The results reveal inherent high diffusivity of Li+ in HOPG (∼10-7 cm2·s-1), as compared to HOPG with electrolyte infiltration (∼10-8 cm2·s-1), while Na+ has almost no interlayer diffusion without solvent infiltration.
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