H10, H11 and H12 (H10–H12) subtypes of the avian influenza virus (AIV) are associated with waterfowl. Although these subtypes of AIV are infrequently detected in nature, they can undergo reassortment with other AIV subtypes. Few H10–H12 subtypes of AIV have been isolated from wild birds in China. In this study, 12 AIV isolates of H10–H12 subtypes were identified via routine surveillance of wild birds in Shanghai, China from 2016 to 2019, including two H10, three H11 and seven H12 isolates. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses revealed that the genomic segments of the 12 isolates are highly diverse. These 12 isolates are closely related to those in the Eurasian lineage and share a high degree of sequence identity with those from wild birds and domestic ducks in countries in the East Asian–Australasian Flyway, including Japan, Korea, Bangladesh, Vietnam and China. However, parts of the genomic segments of two H12N2 isolates (NH112319-H12N2 and NH101807-H12N2) belong to the North American lineage, suggesting intercontinental reassortment among H12 AIVs in Eurasia and North American. To better understand the ecological and phylodynamic features of H10–H12 subtypes in wild birds, a large-scale surveillance of AIVs in wild birds is warranted.
H ighly pathogenic avian infl uenza (HPAI) A(H5Nx) clade 2.3.4.4 viruses, which originated from the HPAI A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4 of the A/ Goose/Guangdong/1/96-lineage in China, have spread globally, causing severe disease in poultry and wild birds (1-4). According to the World Health Organization, clade 2.3.4.4 viruses have evolved into 8 subclades, designated as clades 2.3.4.4a-h (https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/virus/202002_zoonotic_vaccinevirusupdate.pdf). In 2013, a novel reassortant A(H5N8) clade 2.3.4.4b virus was isolated from domestic ducks in eastern China (2); this virus was later detected in Korea and Japan (3). Since 2014, clade 2.3.4.4b viruses have spread to Europe and Africa along the migratory fl yways of birds (4,5). These introductions caused large HPAI outbreaks in wild and domestic birds in Europe during the winter of 2016-17 (6). At the same time, wild birds carried clade 2.3.4.4c viruses to North America (4).In early 2020, outbreaks of clade 2.3.4.4b viruses mainly occurred in Europe (7). Beginning in July 2020, several outbreaks of H5N8 viruses in poultry and wild birds were reported in Eurasia, including Kazakhstan,
Background Diallyl trisulfide (DATS) is a garlic-derived organosulfur compound. As it has been shown to have anti-viral activity, we hypothesized that it may alleviate infections caused by H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV), which is prevalent in poultry with pandemic potential. Methods Human lung A549 epithelial cells were treated with three different concentrations of DATS 24 h before (pre-treatment) or one hour after (post-treatment) H9N2 AIV infection. Culture supernatants were collected 24 h and 48 h post-infection and analyzed for viral titers and levels of inflammatory and anti-viral immune responses. For in vivo experiments, BABL/c mice were administered daily by intraperitoneal injection with DATS (30 mg/kg) for 2 weeks starting 1 day after H9N2 AIV infection. Clinical signs, lung pathology, and inflammatory and anti-viral immune responses were assessed 2, 4, and 6 days after infection. Results Both pre-treatment and post-treatment of A549 cells with DATS resulted in reduced viral loads, increased expression of anti-viral genes (RIG-I, IRF-3, and interferon-β), and decreased expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6). These effects were also observed in H9N2 AIV-infected mice treated with DATS. Such treatment also reduced lung edema and inflammation in mice. Conclusions Results suggest that DATS has anti-viral activity against H9N2 AIV and may be used as an alternative treatment for influenza virus infection.
Co‐infection of SARS‐CoV‐2 and influenza viruses has been reported worldwide in humans. Wild birds are natural reservoir hosts for coronaviruses (CoVs) and avian influenza viruses (AIVs). It is unknown whether co‐infection with these two types of viruses occurs in wild birds. In this study, the prevalence of co‐infection with CoV and AIV in wild birds in Shanghai, China during 2020–2021 was investigated by detecting these viruses in cloacal, tracheal, and faecal samples. Results showed that the overall rate of samples positive for both CoV and AIV was 3.3% (82/2510; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.6%–4.0%), and that was mainly from Anseriformes. In CoV‐positive samples, 38.9% (82/211; 95% CI: 32.5%–45.6%) of them had both CoVs and AIVs, whereas only 26.9% (82/305; 95% CI: 22.2%–32.1%) of AIV‐positive samples had both CoVs and AIVs. These results suggest that CoV infection in wild birds renders them more susceptible to AIV infection. Phylogenetic analysis based on partial RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene sequences of CoVs revealed that gamma‐CoVs mainly cluster with duck CoVs and that delta‐CoVs are more diversified and cluster with those of various wild birds. Continual surveillance is necessity to monitor the transmission and evolution of co‐infection of these two types of viruses in their natural hosts.
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