The possible roles of PUFAs pathways, such as those mediated by fatty acid synthase, polyketide synthase, and desaturase/elongase, co-exist in S. mangrovei PQ6.

Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) and bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV)are

Background: Amphotericin B (AmB) is a drug of choice in the therapy of systemic fungal infection because of its board-spectrum antifungal activity. However, its conventional formulation has many side effects such as acute and chronic nephrotoxicity. Liposomes have been developed to reduce the drug’s toxicity. However, they had to meet strict stability criteria. In general, liposomes can be freeze-dried to inhibit liposomes infusion, phospholipids degradation during storage. Liposomal size usually increases after freeze-drying because of being influenced by many factors in freezing, lyophilizing and rehydration processes. Therefore, cryoprotectants are used to stabilize liposomal vesicles during freeze-drying process. </P><P> Objective: In the present study, we developed AmB liposomal suspension and lyophilized liposomes loaded with AmB, evaluated the effect of different cryoprotectants on the characterization of freeze-dried AmB liposomes. </P><P> Methods: In this study, AmB liposomes were prepared from hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine, distearoylphosphatidylglycerol and cholesterol by thin lipid film hydration method using different hydrate mediums likely: Glucose solution, citrate buffer, phosphate buffer. High-pressure homogenization and extrusion methods were used to reducing vesicles size. Dynamic light scattering was used to characterize liposomal size, and size distribution. HPLC method was used to assay drug and determine entrapment efficiency. Liposomal suspension was lyophilized with different cryoprotectants: Sucrose, mannitol, lactose, trehalose and glycerol. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to study lyophilized cake. </P><P> Results: We found that liposomal suspension with hydration medium10 mM citrate buffer pH 5.5 had a small average size (<100nm) and narrow distribution (PDI <0.2). Sucrose and trehalose stabilized vesicles size during freezing process, and lyophilized liposomes with sucrose and trehalose had an elegant appearance, yellow, compact cake. DSC study showed that sucrose and trehalose in lyophilized cake were amorphous. The cake was rehydrated within 10 seconds to form liposomal suspension, in which vesicles size was less than 140 nm. </P><P> Conclusion: We have developed successfully AmB liposomal suspension and lyophilized liposomes loaded with AmB. Sucrose and trehalose can be used as cryoprotectants in the freeze-drying and reconstitution process.

Many studies show that hyperglycemia can lead to injury to the intestinal mucosal barrier, increasing the likelihood of infection, leading to intestinal inflammation in people with type 2 diabetes. Recently, investigations indicate that the gut microbiome plays a very important role in this disease in which Lactobacillus in the gut has been shown to regulate glucose and lipid metabolism, improving oxidative stress, and inhibiting inflammatory responses. In this study, by the method of oriented isolation, the number of Lactobacillus bacteria in the subgroup of healthy people was determined to be (3,9 ± 1.2) x 103 CFU/g and in the group of diabetic patients was (2.7 ± 0.8) x 103 CFU/g. The study identified 17/68 selected Lactobacillus strains that were resistant to both Staphylococcus aureus ATCC13709 and Escherichia coli ATCC 11105. Moreover, these strains were also resistant to acid pH 2. Besides that, 16/17 strains tested were able to survive over 90% in 0.3% bile salt environment. Among the 17 strains studied, 3 strains of Lactobacillus 13, Lactobacillus 16, Lactobacillus 17 showed probiotic characteristics such as antibacterial ability, acid tolerance and bile salt tolerance. All three strains of Lactobacillus 13, Lactobacillus 16, and Lactobacillus 17 belong to species of Lactobacillus plantarum. This result makes a useful contribution to guide the application of Lactobacillus strain in creating dietary supplements for people with type 2 diabetes.

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