Two of the most unpredictable uncertainty indices could explain the business and stock price performance of TATA Consultancy Services (TCS) before and after the COVID‐19 pandemic. This pandemic affects business performance and predictability from uncertainty indices. With the second spread of the pandemic, IT industries have been prepared for the high networking bandwidth. Moreover, the bivariate VAR(1)‐GARCH(1,1) model is weaker during the COVID‐19 period. IT outsourcing after the worldwide outbreak of the disease is one of the most thriving enterprises globally. The coronavirus crisis is expected to have an impact on the IT outsourcing industry. Most of the uncertainty indices of these days are built up from news outlets explored in the case study of TCS. Quantitative examination strategies have been utilized to explore the impact of doubt indices in TCS and the residuals if the organization's emergency persists.
PurposeThe scope of this study was to underline the specific aspects of positive consumer attitude and behavior related to sports sponsorship. In more detail, the purpose of this study was to establish a comprehensive sponsorship framework integrating Beliefs about sponsorship, Sponsor's Image, Fans' Attachment with the team, Team's Performance, Fans' Sport Involvement, Sponsors' Sincerity, Awareness of Sponsors, Attitude toward Sponsors, Purchase intentions and Actual Purchases.Design/methodology/approachQuantitative method was utilized and a sum of 2,752 questionnaires were effectively assembled and analyzed by means of SPSS and AMOS. The results of a structural equation model provide an exceptional conceptual framework that underlines the significance of comprehending the role of important factors in sponsorship efficiency.FindingsThis paper provides the context for a discussion. It shows that various antecedents have a significant effect on real – instead of just intentions – purchase behavior regarding sponsors' products and services.Research limitations/implicationsVarious implications for future researches as well as strategies to boost the advantages for both sport clubs and sponsoring firms can be drawn from the suggested model.Originality/valueUp to present, only a handful of empirical studies have looked at the effect of sponsorship on the consumer. The majority of sponsorship studies measure the impact of the sponsorship effort on the recall and recognition of sponsors, with empirical results being inconclusive, with some studies showing high levels of recall and recognition while others show only marginal impact on recall and recognition. The present research provides a comprehensive framework, which can guide future studies by isolating the effect of sponsorship on actual purchase behavior, instead of just estimating individuals' purchase intentions.
PurposeThe purpose of this research is to develop a more precise evaluation of sport sponsorship efficiency in participant-based sport, by investigating the specific aspects of participants' attitude and behavior toward sponsors. In more detail, this research develops a comprehensive sponsorship model in the participant sport context, integrating the following constructs: sport involvement, sincerity, social media use, beliefs about sponsorship, satisfaction with event, sponsor's image, awareness of sponsors, attitude toward sponsors, purchase and word of mouth intentions.Design/methodology/approachA quantitative method was utilized and 1,056 questionnaires were effectively collected and analyzed via SPSS and AMOS. Using structural equation modeling, this research tested a conceptual framework analyzing the role of different factors for sponsorship efficiency in a participant sport context.FindingsThe present research proposes a model of 10 variables which altogether permits a complete comprehension of how to expand the linkages among antecedents and outcomes of sport sponsorship in participant-based sports. The proposed factors assume a critical role in upgrading sponsorship effectiveness, which is reflected through a continuum of responses that regularly begins with sponsorship awareness and, at last, leads to increments in participants' purchase and word of mouth intentions regarding sponsors' products.Research limitations/implicationsVarious implications for future studies as well as strategies to boost the advantages for sponsoring firms in participant-based sports, can be drawn from the suggested model.Originality/valueUp to the present, there is a scarcity of research exploring the effectiveness of sponsorship in participant-based sports. The majority of sponsorship studies measure the impact of sponsorship on spectators, neglecting the role of participants as potential vehicles in the sport sponsorship setting. This study is the first to exploring the role of sport participants in sport sponsorship literature, provides a comprehensive framework, which can guide future studies and enhance sponsorship efficiency in a participant sport context.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of pre-competitive anxiety experienced by N=348 Greek basketball referees. In order to classify the stress factors Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) used. The aim was to examine Cognitive state anxiety, Somatic state anxiety, and Self-confidence, which require them to exercise self-control for optimal performance before and after the games. Results indicated that cognitive and somatic anxiety after the event was higher. On the other hand, self-confident decreased. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that referees' competitive anxiety might affect their fear of mistakes before a stressful game.
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