In today’s marketplace where businesses are constantly being threatened by data breaches and cyberattacks, it is imperative that a global company obtain cybersecurity insurance. This article highlights the importance of cybersecurity insurance in light of the forthcoming security obligations imposed by the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Network and Information Security Directive (NIS Directive). In particular, it mentions some cases showing that even wellknown multi-billion dollar companies are vulnerable to cyberattacks and data breach incidents. Also, it describes the types of damage that may be caused by such cyber events and the reasons why many companies have not yet considered cybersecurity insurance to be part of their overall strategy to mitigate cyber risk. Further, it examines the new cybersecurity and data protection requirements established by the GDPR and the NIS Directive. Finally, it evaluates the role that insurance can play as an effective risk mitigation tool, taking into consideration some recent US courts’ judgments in cyber insurance cases.
Parallel trade traditionally enjoys a significant protection from European Institutions, in the belief that it fosters competition and encourages trade. However, pharmaceutical companies claim that this form of competition undermines their incentive to innovate and threatens the competitiveness of the European pharmaceutical sector. This Article analyses a) the arguments put forward in favour of and against the freedom of the parallel trade of pharmaceuticals between the EU Member States and b) the case-law relating to the parallel trade of pharmaceuticals developed by the EU courts and, more specifically, by the Court of Justice ("CJ") (former Court of Justice of the European Communities/"ECJ") and by the General Court ("GC") (former Court of First Instance of the European Communities/"CFI") in the light of EU competition law (Arts 101-102 of the TFEU).
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