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RESUMO.Um dos principais objetivos da na reprodução e peixes é a produção de um grande número de gametas viáveis e alta sobrevivência da prole. Nos últimos anos, foram realizados importantes progressos na melhoria da eficiência na produção de gametas e viabilidade da prole. No entanto, existem lacunas importantes no que diz respeito à compreensão dos processos dinâmicos fisiológicos associados à gametogênese. O conhecimento das estruturas que compõe as gônadas, bem como o todos os mecanismos neuroendócrinos e de sinalização molecular é de extrema importância na elaboração de protocolos reprodutivos de peixes. Entre os desafios encontrados, destaca-se a ampla gama de espécies de peixes de diferentes famílias, os quais, na maioria das vezes, possuem mecanismos fisiológicos espécie-específico. No mecanismo neuroendócrino da reprodução de peixes é dado ênfase ao Hormônio liberador de gonadotrofinas (GnRH), neurotransmissor produzido e secretado pelo hipotálamo, que atua como fator estimulador na liberação de LH e, em menor grau, do FSH. Os hormônios gonadotróficos folículo estimulante e luteinizante (FSH e LH) atuam como os principais reguladores durante a vitelogênese e maturação dos gametas. Acreditava-se que a melatonina estaria envolvida no mecanismo neuroendócrino como resposta ao foto-período, inibindo a liberação de GnRH. Recentemente, estudos evidenciaram que a melatonina atua também acelerando a ação do hormônio indutor da maturação (MIH) e, consequentemente, a retomada do ciclo celular meiótico. Desta forma, o objetivo desta revisão é esclarecer os mecanismos fisiológicos da reprodução de peixes teleósteos, partindo da descrição da morfologia das gônadas, compreensão dos mecanismos neuroendócrinos e da sinalização molecular.Palavras chave: Gametogênese, hormônio indutor de maturação, melatonina, sinalização molecular Overview on reproduction of teleosteal fish: from anatomy to molecular signaling ABSTRACT. One of the main goals of reproduction and fish is the production of a large number of viable gametes and high survival of offspring. In recent years, significant progress has been made in improving the efficiency of gametes production and progeny viability. However, there are still important gaps in the understanding of the physiological dynamic processes associated with gametogenesis. The knowledge of the structures that make up the gonads, as well as the all the neuroendocrine and molecular signaling

The availability of reliable and reproducible micropropagation systems is a decisive step to successfully propagate plant species with slow growth and low germination rate. The effect was investigated of gibberellin (GA) and cytokinin (CK) in the in vitro germination and development of Dietes bicolor (Steud.) Sweet ex Klatt. Seeds were inoculated in Water + Agar; in Murashige e Skoog (MS) medium without plant growth regulators (PGRs) and in MS medium supplemented with 1 or 2 mg L-1 gibberellic acid or 6-benzylaminopurine. The germination, growth, and architecture of the plants presented significant alterations according to the treatments. Germination percentage increased at 2 mg L-1 GA. Plants grown on the GA-supplemented medium also showed larger leaves. The presence of CK in the culture medium induced the activation of axillary shoot buds and reduced the root length. CK and GA had antagonistic effects on the thickness of the leaf tissues. The activation of multiple shoots in plants cultured with CK in the medium allowed the in vitro propagation of approximately three plants per germinated seed. The results obtained in the present study bring an unprecedented description of a germination system for a higher yield in D. bicolor micropropagation.

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Age affects the production of secondary metabolites, but how developmental cues regulate secondary metabolism remains poorly understood. Annatto (Bixa orellana L.) is a source of bixin, an apocarotenoid used in the world's food industry worldwide. Understanding how age-dependent mechanisms control bixin biosynthesis is of great interest for plant biology and for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and textile industries. Here, we used genetic and molecular tools to unravel the role of the annatto age regulated miRNA156 (miR156) targeted SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN LIKE (BoSPL) genes in secondary metabolism. Low expression of several BoSPL genes in miR156 overexpressing annatto plants (OE::156) impacted leaf ontogeny, reducing bixin production and increasing abscisic acid (ABA) levels. Modulation of BoCCD4;4 and BoCCD1 expression, key genes in lycopene cleavage, was associated with diverting the carbon flux from bixin to ABA, whereas upregulation of lycopene β cyclase genes implies the xanthophyll biosynthetic pathway acted as a carbon sink in OE::156 plants. Proteomic analyses revealed low accumulation of most secondary metabolite-related enzymes in OE::156 plants, suggesting that miR156 targeted BoSPLs are required to activate several annatto secondary metabolic pathways. Our findings suggest that carbon flux in B. orellana OE::156 leaves was redirected from bixin to ABA production, indicating an age-dependent leaf dynamics of bixin biosynthesis. Importantly, our study opened a new venue to future annatto breeding programs aiming to improve bixin output.

Understanding the in vitro performance of royal poinciana explants cultured in media supplemented with different types and concentrations of cytokinins may aid in the optimization of regeneration systems established for this woody species. In the present study we evaluate the in vitro performance of royal poinciana cotyledonary explants cultured in the presence of high concentrations of 6-benzyladenine (BA) and kinetin (KIN). Cotyledonary segments obtained from in vitro germinated seedlings were inoculated in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, supplemented with different concentrations (1, 2, 4, 8 mg L-1) of BA or KIN. In the control treatment, no plant growth regulators (PGRs) were added. After 40 days of culture, regardless of the concentration used, the treatments supplemented with BA presented higher calli percentage and fresh mass compared to treatments supplemented with KIN. Adventitious shoots were mainly observed in BA-treatments. Histological analysis showed that adventitious shoots formed at the periphery of callus formed from mesophyll cells in the regions of the explant sectioning. The results obtained provide new information for the establishment of a micropropagation system for royal poinciana, an important ornamental tree species.