Two studies were undertaken to examine parental influences on autonomy and identity development. In Study 1, 262 adolescents in seventh and eleventh grades were given Kurtines's autonomy measure, Simmons's identity measure, and Elder's questions regarding the adolescents' perceptions of their parents' autocratic, democratic, or permissive parenting styles. Study 2 was a replication with 168 subjects. Across both studies it was found that sex-role socialization is more influential for automony development than is either level of parental power or age. Both age and father's use of democracy were the most influential variables on identity development.
A review of the literature pertaining to spatial perspective-taking is presented. Its purpose is to account for the inconsistent findings that have plagued this area of research by focusing on the methodological differences between studies. The conclusions reached are threefold. First, methodological differences are at least in part responsible for the widely discrepant results that have been reported. Second, the amount of variation due to each methodological concern cannot be quantified precisely due to the problem of confounding. Third, a viable measure from which the development of perspective ability can legitimately be inferred cannot be conclusively identified within the perspective-taking literature.
The Brown Modification of the Thouless Test of Religious Orthodoxy and three personality measures were administered to 82 students in introductory psychology. The Manifest Anxiety Scale, Manifest Hostility Scale, and a variation of the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory were utilized to determine a profile for individuals with orthodox religious beliefs. The correlation between the Thouless test and the Manifest Hostility Scale was significant in that highly orthodox individuals scored lower than other subjects on the Manifest Hostility Scale. There were significant but small correlations among the personality variables but no other trends were noted in relation to religious orthodoxy.
The Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values and the Brown Modification of the Thouless Test of Religious Orthodoxy were administered to 120 male and female students in introductory psychology. Measures of anxiety, self-esteem, authoritarianism, and humanitarianism were also administered to the Ss in an effort to determine whether the two measures of religiosity would yield different personality and attitude profiles of the "religious" individual. A significant positive correlation was found between authoritarianism and the Thouless Test and between humanitarianism and the Study of Values religious measure. All other correlations involving the two measures of religiosity were found to be nonsignificant. These findings lend support to the notion that using two divergent measures of religiosity does result in the formation of different profiles of the "religious" individual.
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