Fish mortality has a significant impact on fish production by lowering fish productivity, causing an economic loss to the farmers, and also has a cost in terms of reduced fish health, thereby limiting the growth of the enterprise. A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the impact of biosecurity measures and risk factors on the mortality of fish from fish farms. A structured questionnaire that focused on socioeconomic information, management practice, health, disease, and biosecurity measures was administered to fish farmers. A total of eighty fish farmers were involved in this study. Most of the fish farmers were male (70.00%), had tertiary education qualifications (60.00%), and were between the ages of 41 and 50 (37.50%). They had been engaged in fish farming for about 1-3 years (48.75%) and they combined it with poultry production. Varying mortality rates were recorded on the farm and the recorded mortality was associated with management practices, disease, health, and biosecurity measures and they differed significantly at P≤0.05. Fish farmers' practices were generally not in accordance with biosecurity principles. Therefore, it is crucial to create and implement biosecurity measures to prevent, manage, and eliminate the mortality of fish in fish farms.
Background and Aim: Newcastle disease (ND) caused by ND virus (NDV) is a serious impediment to effective poultry production in developing countries such as Nigeria. Despite employing vaccination and other control measures to curtail this disease, its severe forms still persist. This study aimed to confirm the virus strains in the NDV vaccine brands commonly used in Nigeria. Materials and Methods: We employed reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), sequencing, and sequence analysis to characterize NDV strains in four NDV vaccines commonly used in Nigeria. Fragments of 300 bp from NDV fusion genes from the vaccines were amplified. Polymerase chain reaction products were sequenced and analyzed using multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analyses to characterize the vaccine viruses as pathotypes. Results: All the vaccines gave positive results, confirming the presence of NDV. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analyses revealed that two of the vaccines had the lentogenic pathotype, while the other two had the mesogenic or velogenic pathotype. Conclusion: This study provides information to facilitate strategies for regular control of the quality of vaccines in Nigeria.
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