BACKGROUND Pineal gland tumours are slow growing tumours arising in the pineal gland that resemble normal pineal gland. In WHO classification, they are considered as WHO Grade 1 tumours. Incidence of these tumours is very low. The germ cell tumours in this region are much more common arising from the pluripotent germ cells mistakenly lodged in this region during embryogenesis. Tumours which arise from the stroma are Gliomas and Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumours (ATRT). Commonest clinical presentation is hydrocephalus due to compression of tectum and upward gaze due to compression of superior colliculi. Radiology aids in giving a provisional diagnosis on CT and MRI. Confirmation with histopathology is important for proper treatment and prognosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS We present a retrospective study done over 3 years at a tertiary care centre. Radiologically diagnosed cases as pineal gland tumours, which were well demarcated within the region of pineal gland were included in the study. The surgically resected specimen were examined by squash cytology and then processed routinely for histopathology and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION A total of 18 cases were studied and analysed. The lesions encountered were germ cell tumours, pineal parenchymal tumours and gliomas. On intraoperative squash, one case, which was diagnosed as glioma was later reported as Pineocytoma on histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Histological subtypes of pineal gland tumours on comparison with SEER database was correlated with our study. CONCLUSION Though pineal gland is a very small organ also considered as vestigial organ in lower primates the tumours present aggressively and are proved to be fatal except pineocytomas, which have a good prognosis with 5 year survival rate of 60 to 75% and hence exact diagnosis is critical to choose correct therapy.
Sarcomas of the breast are rare neoplasms accounting for less than 1% of breast malignancy. Phyllodes tumours are rare biphasic tumours of the breast. We present a case of a 42-year-old-female with left breast mass measuring 12 x 8 cm who underwent mastectomy and on histopathological examination, a diagnosis of malignant phyllodes tumour with heterologous differentiation of osteosarcoma along with osteoclast-like giant cells and chondrosarcoma was rendered. The heterologous elements were tumour osteoid formation and tumour chondroid formation. The rarity of malignant phyllodes showing stromal elements of osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma differentiation was considered when reporting this case.
BACKGROUNDRenal transplantation is considered as the surgical procedure used in renal replacement therapy. It has better patient survival. Common haematological changes in post renal transplant patients include anaemias, cytopenias, and rarely lymphoproliferative disorders. These changes are common adverse effects of immunosuppressive medications, infections due to immune suppression, transplant or immunosuppression-related co-morbidities. MATERIALS AND METHODSA retrospective study from the Upgraded Department of Pathology, Osmania General Hospital, Hyderabad was done. Haematological indices of 100 post renal transplant patients were collected. The whole blood samples were analysed on Sysmex-1000 automated cell counter. Indices included in the study are haemoglobin, RBC count, WBC count, Platelet count, Differential count, Reticulocyte count, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC). RESULTSThere were 62% patients who had haemoglobin less than 9 gm/dl. 53% patients had leukocytosis. There was significant neutrophilic leukocytosis in 78% of patients. Thrombocytopenia was seen in 44% of patients. CONCLUSIONHaematological changes post renal transplantation are multifactorial. Understanding how blood disorders develop will help cure these life threatening complications. Pharmacological treatment strategies for post-transplant blood disorders like tapering immunosuppressive therapy or replacing myelotoxic immunosuppressive drugs with lower toxic alternatives, recognizing and treating promptly the aetiological microorganisms attenuating bone marrow suppression will enhance kidney graft survival.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.