No abstract

High demand for researchers and scientists has led to an increase in skilled migration in recent years. The paper focuses on improving our understanding of the push and pull factors affecting the migration decisions of researchers and scientists from developing countries and discusses policy options for maximizing the potential gains associated with international mobility of advanced human capital. Evidence suggests that a reasonable salary level should be guaranteed but that return decisions of researchers and scientists are primarily shaped by factors such as the quality of the research environment, professional reward structures and access to state-of-the-art equipment.

No abstract

The educational attainment of Brazil's labor force has the authors argue, the marginal reduction in wage gradually increased over the past two decades. At the inequality that occurred in this period was linked same time, the government has pursued a series of primarily to a reduction in the returns to schooling and economic structural adjustment policies. Blom, Holm-only secondarily to a more equitable distribution of Nielsen, and Verner investigate how these simultaneous schooling. advances have altered the relationship between laborThe findings suggest that the supply of highly skilled market earnings and education.labor is inadequate to meet demand. That suggests a They find that the returns to education in the labor need for policy action aimed at increasing access to and market fundamentally changed between 1982 and 1998.completion of tertiary education. Increasing the supply While the returns to tertiary education increased sharply, of highly skilled labor would improve prospects for both the returns to primary education dropped by 26 percent economic growth and reduced wage inequality. and those to lower secondary by 35 percent. Moreover, This paper-a product of the Education Sector Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region-is part of a larger effort in the region to assess the need for expansion of the education system, in particular, tertiary education. Copies of the paper are available free from the World Bank,

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

The average Brazilian worker in 1998 had received more years of schooling than comparable workers in 1982. During the same period, Brazil went through a series of economic structural adjustment policies. This article investigates how these 2 simultaneous advances altered the relationship between labor market earnings and education. We find that the economic reward for staying in school for 1 more year fundamentally changed from 1982 to 1998. Returns to tertiary education increased sharply, whereas returns to primary and lower secondary education dropped, 26% and 35%, respectively. In the same time period, wage inequality was reduced. We argue that this reduction was linked to a reduction in returns to schooling and was only secondarily linked to a more equitable distribution of schooling. Moreover, our findings suggest that the available supply of highly skilled labor inadequately meets demand. Therefore, policy action aiming at increasing access and completion of tertiary education is desirable. An increased supply would improve prospects for both economic growth and reductions in wage inequality. 180