For speciesÕ dynamics highly influenced by environmental conditions, sustainable management for conservation and/or exploitation purposes requires the ability to segregate natural processes from anthropogenic impacts. In this context, identification of phenotypic variations in morphological patterns, and clarification of the mechanisms involved, constitute useful tools to identify adequate management measures from Europe-wide to local conditions. Although such approaches are already used effectively in the management of fish stocks, they are more recent for bivalve stocks, which are also good candidates for such management tools. The current study examines morphological patterns in the Manila clam (Venerupis philippinarum) through morphometric studies of 4 populations on the French Atlantic coast (Banc du Guer, Morbihan Gulf, Bellevue, and Arcachon Bay). The methodology relies mainly on conventional shape analysis using 8 morphometric ratios involving metrics and weight. In addition, an outline description was created for selected individuals that revealed different forms of the anterior-dorsal valve margin identified for future research. Using supervised classification methods, morphometric-latitudinal trends were revealed between northern and southern populations of V. philippinarum. Relationships between discriminatory morphometric ratios (describing elongation, valve density, and weight related to length) and available environmental conditions (temperature, salinity, and chlorophyll a concentrations) were considered using linear multilevel models. They revealed significant relationships with chlorophyll a concentrations and with 1 ratio with seawater temperature ranging from 12-20°C. Four potential causes were hypothesized to explain the unexpected relationship identified between morphometric characteristics and trophic conditions: (1) a negative effect resulting from high chlorophyll a concentrations, (2) a masked effect of other food resources affecting valve growth, (3) interspecific competition for food among filter-feeding populations, (4) and effects of other environmental parameters such as sediment type. Observed differences in shape may result from a combination of these 4 causes with varying degrees, depending on site-specific environmental conditions. Last, the consequences of morphometric variation on population regulation are addressed.
Part 1: Cross-Domain Conference and Workshop on Multidisciplinary Research and Practice for Information Systems (CD-ARES 2014): Software SecurityInternational audienceOne of the most important aspects that help improve the quality and cost of secure information systems in their early stages of the development lifecycle is Security Requirements Engineering (SRE). However, obtaining such requirements is non-trivial. One domain dealing also with eliciting security requirements is Risk Analysis (RA). Therefore, we perform a review of SRE methods in order to analyse which ones are compatible with RA processes. Moreover, the transition from these early security requirements to security policies at later stages in the lifecycle is generally non-automatic, informal and incomplete. To deal with such issues, model-driven engineering (MDE) uses formal models and automatic model transformations. Therefore, we also review which SRE methods are compatible with MDE approaches. Consequently, our review is based on criteria derived partially from existing survey works, further enriched and specialized in order to evaluate the compatibility of SRE methods with the disciplines of RA and MDE. It summarizes the evidence regarding this issue so as to improve understanding and facilitate evaluating and selecting SRE methods
In this paper, we study the potentiality of discrimination between vulnerabilities given by CVSS framework. CVSS is an open framework which assess the intrinsic characteristics of vulnerabilities and gives a severity score for each one. We study the distribution of CVSS metrics (in particular base metrics) in the NVD database. We then focus on the environmental part of CVSS framework, which allows the security level of the user environment to be taken into account. We point out some deficiencies which could be minus points for administrators who want to use this tool in order to discriminate between vulnerabilities, as well as prioritizing those which are the most threatening for their organizations.
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Abstract. Trees are very often used to structure data. For instance, file systems are structured into trees and XML documents can be represented by trees. There are literally as many access control schemes as there are tree data structures. Consequently, an access control model which has been defined for a particular kind of tree cannot be easily adapted to another kind of tree. In this paper, we propose an access control model for generic tree data structures. This model can then be applied to any specific typed tree data structure.
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