Colonization of plant roots by Bacillus subtilis is mutually beneficial to plants and bacteria. Plants can secrete up to 30% of their fixed carbon via root exudates, thereby feeding the bacteria, and in return the associated B. subtilis bacteria provide the plant with many growth-promoting traits. Formation of a biofilm on the root by matrix-producing B. subtilis is a well-established requirement for long-term colonization. However, we observed that cells start forming a biofilm only several hours after motile cells first settle on the plant. We also found that intact chemotaxis machinery is required for early root colonization by B. subtilis and for plant protection. Arabidopsis thaliana root exudates attract B. subtilis in vitro, an activity mediated by the two characterized chemoreceptors, McpB and McpC, as well as by the orphan receptor TlpC. Nonetheless, bacteria lacking these chemoreceptors are still able to colonize the root, suggesting that other chemoreceptors might also play a role in this process. These observations suggest that A. thaliana actively recruits B. subtilis through root-secreted molecules, and our results stress the important roles of B. subtilis chemoreceptors for efficient colonization of plants in natural environments. These results demonstrate a remarkable strategy adapted by beneficial rhizobacteria to utilize carbon-rich root exudates, which may facilitate rhizobacterial colonization and a mutualistic association with the host.
Background Biological therapies have changed the landscape of pharmacological management of ulcerative colitis (UC). However, a large proportion of patients do not respond to biologics, lose their response over time or present adverse drug events. This study aims to assess therapeutic response and treatment persistence to adalimumab, infliximab and vedolizumab, three agents widely used in a tertiary referral centre of Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean (Quebec, Canada). Methods We conducted a retrospective population-based study with a thorough review of patient’s medical charts. Adults at UC diagnosis, with current or past use of adalimumab, infliximab or vedolizumab were included in the study. Clinical data were collected in order to assess response phenotypes and persistence to treatment. Kaplan Meier curves were performed to assess treatment persistence and predictors for discontinuation were assessed using Cox regression analyses. Results A total of 134 patients were included in this study. For the cases exposed to adalimumab, infliximab and vedolizumab, 56.9%, 62.5% and 47.5% were responders, respectively. Median persistence rates (95% CI) were 8.0 (3.3-12.8), 13.4 (9.3-17.5) and 3.4 (1.0-5.8) years for adalimumab, infliximab and vedolizumab, respectively. Increased persistence rates were observed in biologic-naïve in comparison to biologic-experienced patients treated with infliximab, but no such effect was observed for adalimumab or vedolizumab. Overall, 61.9% of cases had adverse drug events and of these, six lead to treatment discontinuation. Conclusion This study presents long-term treatment persistence data with adalimumab, infliximab and vedolizumab showing that more than half of cases treated with these biologics remained on treatment at least 12 months after initiation.
This article describes how today in the United States neurologists diagnose forms of dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. Taking as a starting‐point the pervasive context of uncertainty in the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases, it examines how uncertainty is not merely an epistemological obstacle to the making of knowledge. On the contrary, the article analyses how uncertainty positively incites the use of clinicians’ ‘feelings’ in diagnostic work. Drawing on observations of clinical consultations and team meetings, it studies how, alongside contemporary instruments of objectification, clinicians use, share, and discuss their ‘feelings’ to ultimately renew knowledge about brain diseases. In documenting the manner in which medical expertise is bound to a concrete experience of the world, this article further explores how experts’ ‘intuition’ can be grasped as a conscious and effortful process, rather than as something ineffable, resisting analysis, and confined to an unconscious background.
Ce récit documente comment des malades sont morts en FaceTime pendant l'épidémie de COVID. À partir d'une enquête de terrain que j'ai commencée en janvier 2020 dans le service de réanimation d'un hôpital de la côte Ouest des États-Unis, je raconte l'apparition de la COVID-19, la séparation des malades de leurs familles, la mort vécue sur l'écran des téléphones mobiles, ainsi que les di érentes façons d'agir des soignants face à cette situation que, tous, s'accordèrent à trouver « horrible ». L de réanimation est situé au dernier étage d'un bâtiment moderne circulaire, en verre et en métal. Le vaste hall d'entrée, vitré du sol au plafond, est lumineux, transparent, conçu pour que les occupants, indique l'architecte, vivent une expérience accueillante et non institutionnelle (non institutional). Le dernier étage de la tour de verre est organisé en cercles concentriques. Sur la couronne périphérique il y a les chambres des patients, par les grandes fenêtres on voit des maisons, les collines et le ciel immense ; quand la lumière est trop perçante, les in rmières baissent les stores et le soleil ltre doucement autour du lit des malades, sur les capteurs, les cathéters, les lignes et les poches de perfusion, sur le sac d'urine accroché à un côté du lit, sur les moniteurs, sur le tuyau bleu qui va de leur bouche au ventilateur. La porte des chambres, coulissante en verre transparent, est rarement fermée. Face aux chambres, sur le cercle interne, il y a un grand comptoir curviligne
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