Objectives: To present 2 cases with polyorchidism, to review the literature about polyorchidism, and to propose a rational therapeutic algorithm. Methods: In our institution, we encountered 2 patients with polyorchidism: The 1st patient had bilateral double testis with testicular torsion, and the 2nd patient presented with an indolent scrotal mass. We also performed a literature search (PubMed) for other reports of polyorchidism. Results: Polyorchidism is a rare congenital anomaly that is not well known by most urologists. So far, as illustrated by our 2 cases, the management of polyorchidism is rarely conservative, and usually the supernumerary testis is removed without any evidence supporting this attitude. Rare cases are complicated by torsion (case 1), cryptorchidism, or testicular neoplasm. In case of torsion, the conservative approach depends on the viability of the twisted testis. In case of cryptorchidism, notably in children or young adults, conservative management should be proposed, if technically feasible. In case of signs of malignancy, orchiectomy must be performed. Conclusions: Conservative treatment is advised in all uncomplicated cases. Complicated cases need a careful management, but several situations can be managed conservatively. Based on the literature, we propose a simple, rational therapeutic algorithm.
FR. Le développement des technologies d’automatisation de la production d’informations dévoile, sur la scène médiatique, de nouveaux acteurs qui ne sont pas traditionnellement liés au monde du journalisme. On retrouve, parmi ceux-ci, des sociétés technologiques où sont employés des linguistes et des informaticiens. Bien qu’elles ne considèrent pas « faire acte » de journalisme, elles participent néanmoins à une chaîne de production éditoriale, jusqu’alors dévolue aux seuls professionnels de l’information. Cela implique de nouvelles formes de collaboration où vont cohabiter des agents sociaux aux cultures professionnelles différentes : à la rationalité de la technologie, sera opposée la subjectivité du journalisme. Mais il ne s’agirait pas de réduire un processus automatisé à une technologie qui se bornerait à transformer des entrants (des données) en extrants (des textes ou toute autre forme de représentation visuelle). Ce processus participe à une logique éditoriale traditionnelle, caractérisée par une succession de choix. Cet article vise à une meilleure compréhension de cette dynamique, à travers une étude de cas réalisée dans le cadre de la conception d’un système d’automatisation visant à soutenir les routines quotidiennes de journalistes attachés au service boursier d’un média belge francophone. Dans ses principaux enseignements, cette expérience témoigne de la nécessité d’un profil qui soit à la fois technique et journalistique, dès lors qu’il facilite les échanges entre les mondes du journalisme et de la technique. L’implication active des journalistes dès les premières heures du projet va apparaître comme un préalable, dès lors qu’ils disposent de l’expertise du domaine d’application et des compétences éditoriales qui forgeront l’artefact dont on ne peut considérer qu’il soit d’abord technologique. Pour les agents sociaux du monde de la technique, cela implique un changement de paradigme : il s’agit désormais d’admettre qu’ils participent à un processus éditorial qui suppose, tout au moins, de développer une « pensée journalistique ». *** EN. The development of news automation technologies is uncovering new actors on the media scene who have not traditionally been linked to the world of journalism. Among these are technology companies employing linguists and computer scientists. Although they do not consider themselves as “producing journalism,” these companies do participate actively in an editorial production chain that was hitherto the purview of news professionals. This implies new forms of collaboration between different professional cultures; where the rationality of technology is opposed to the subjectivity of journalism. An automated process cannot be reduced to the transformation of input (data) into output (texts or any other form of visual representation), however. This process relies on traditional editorial logic, characterized by a succession of choices. This paper aims to better understand this dynamic by way of a case study conducted within French-speaking Belgian media, where an automated system was designed to support the daily routines of stock market journalists. The main lesson gleaned from this experiment was the need for a profile defined by both the journalistic and the technical fields, as it is meant to facilitate exchanges between these two worlds. The active involvement of journalists from the very beginning of any such project appears to be vital, as long as they have an expertise in the field it will be applied and the editorial skills to shape the program, which cannot be considered primarily technological. For social agents involved in the world of technology, this calls for a paradigm shift in which they accept that their participation in this new editorial process implies, at minimum, the development of a form of (automated) “journalistic thinking.” *** PT. O desenvolvimento de tecnologias de automação de notícias está revelando novos atores no cenário da mídia, que não estão tradicionalmente ligados ao mundo do jornalismo. Entre eles, existem empresas tecnológicas onde linguistas e cientistas da computação são empregados. Embora não se considerem fazendo jornalismo, essas empresas participam ativamente de uma cadeia editorial de produção, que até então era confiada aos profissionais da informação. Isso implica novas formas de colaboração onde coexistem diferentes culturas profissionais: a racionalidade da tecnologia será então oposta à subjetividade do jornalismo. No entanto, qualquer processo automatizado não pode ser reduzido à transformação de entradas (dados) em saídas (textos ou qualquer outra forma de representação visual). Esse processo se apóia em uma lógica editorial tradicional, caracterizada por uma sucessão de escolhas. Este artigo objetiva uma melhor compreensão dessa dinâmica, por meio de um estudo de caso realizado na mídia belga de língua francesa, onde um sistema automatizado foi projetado para apoiar as rotinas diárias de jornalistas ligados a um serviço do mercado de ações. Em suas principais lições, essa experiência atesta a necessidade de um perfil fundamentado tanto no campo jornalístico quanto no técnico, pois facilitará o intercâmbio entre os mundos do jornalismo e da tecnologia. O envolvimento ativo de jornalistas desde as primeiras horas do projeto aparecerá como um pré-requisito, pois eles têm o conhecimento deste domínio de aplicação, bem como as habilidades editoriais que forjarão um artefato que não pode ser considerado puramente tecnológico. Para os agentes sociais envolvidos no mundo da tecnologia, supõe uma mudança de paradigma ao admitir que o envolvimento deles em um processo editorial que implica, pelo menos, desenvolver uma forma de "pensamento jornalístico". ***
Du statut d'objet technique à celui d'objet social dans le contexte de la pro... Terminal, 122 | 2018 Du statut d'objet technique à celui d'objet social dans le contexte de la pro...
Software studies is a research field that focuses on the social and cultural implications of the software. They are grounded by interdisciplinarity, borrowing to digital humanities, cultural studies, or new media studies. Their application domains are as heterogeneous as software can be, from interfaces to new digital mediatic forms. This paper examines the relevance of software studies for journalism studies in the context of automated news production, where technological artifacts can also be understood as being shaped by professional values and cultural practices. It also explores methods nourished by software studies’ theories to tackle news automation through a process-oriented approach. The cursor is placed on the materiality of the upstream components of automated news production: the data that feed the systems and the process that will make the news. Automated news production appears as a remixed editorial process nourished by previous editorial experiences that will be standardized through a some-how imitation game where technological and human mediation interplay. This paper addresses the issue of transparency with the flattening of the processes at work, relying on theories and methodological tools based on software studies.
This paper examines the role of the social representations and cultural practices of journalists in shaping the uses (and non–uses) of news automation software as a tool to support journalism practices. It is approached through an empirical study conducted within two newsrooms in French–speaking Belgium, where we have followed the process of a socio–technical construction involving journalists in the design process. This first form of use led the journalists to reconfigure their professional practices, placing the accent on the necessity of shaping a tool that will reproduce their know-how. Still, automated news will only make sense through journalistic mediation.Este artigo examina o papel das representações sociais e práticas culturais de jornalistas na modelagem dos usos (e não–usos) do software de automação de notícias quando considerado como uma ferramenta de apoio às práticas do jornalismo. É fundamentado em um estudo empírico realizado em duas redações na Bélgica francófona, onde seguimos o modelo de uma construção sociotécnica que envolveu jornalistas no processo de design. Essa primeira forma de uso levou os jornalistas a reconfigurar suas práticas profissionais, enfatizando a necessidade de moldar uma ferramenta que reproduza seu know–how. Ainda assim, as notícias automatizadas só farão sentido através da mediação jornalística.Este artículo examina el papel de las representaciones sociales y las prácticas culturales de los periodistas en el modelado de los usos (y no usos) del software de automatización de noticias cuando se considera como una herramienta para apoyar las prácticas periodísticas. Se basa en un estudio empírico realizado en dos salas de redacción en Bélgica francófona, donde seguimos el modelo de una construcción socio–técnica que involucró a periodistas en el proceso de diseño. Esta primera forma de uso llevó a los periodistas a reconfigurar sus prácticas profesionales, enfatizando la necesidad de dar forma a una herramienta que reproduzca sus conocimientos. Aun así, las noticias automatizadas solo tendrán sentido a través de la mediación periodística.
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