Brown adipose tissue (BAT) dissipates chemical energy and generates heat to protect animals from cold and obesity. Rodents possess two types of UCP-1 positive brown adipocytes arising from distinct developmental lineages: “classical” brown adipocytes develop during the prenatal stage whereas “beige” or “brite” cells that reside in white adipose tissue (WAT) develop during the postnatal stage in response to chronic cold or PPARγ agonists. Beige cells’ inducible characteristics make them a promising therapeutic target for obesity treatment, however, the relevance of this cell type in humans remains unknown. In the present study, we determined the gene signatures that were unique to classical brown adipocytes and to beige cells induced by a specific PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone in mice. Subsequently we applied the transcriptional data to humans and examined the molecular signatures of human BAT isolated from multiple adipose depots. To our surprise, nearly all the human BAT abundantly expressed beige cell-selective genes, but the expression of classical brown fat-selective genes were nearly undetectable. Interestingly, expression of known brown fat-selective genes such as PRDM16 was strongly correlated with that of the newly identified beige cell-selective genes, but not with that of classical brown fat-selective genes. Furthermore, histological analyses showed that a new beige cell marker, CITED1, was selectively expressed in the UCP1-positive beige cells as well as in human BAT. These data indicate that human BAT may be primary composed of beige/brite cells.
Brown adipocytes have the ability to uncouple the respiratory chain in mitochondria and dissipate chemical energy as heat. Development of UCP1-positive brown adipocytes in white adipose tissues (so called beige or brite cells) is highly induced by a variety of environmental cues such as chronic cold exposure or by PPARγ agonists, therefore, this cell type has potential as a therapeutic target for obesity treatment. Although most immortalized adipocyte lines cannot recapitulate the process of "browning" of white fat in culture, primary adipocytes isolated from stromal vascular fraction in subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT) provide a reliable cellular system to study the molecular control of beige/brite cell development. Here we describe a protocol for effective isolation of primary preadipocytes and for inducing differentiation to beige/brite cells in culture. The browning effect can be assessed by the expression of brown fat-selective markers such as UCP1. Video LinkThe video component of this article can be found at
Three image analysis methods were studied and evaluated to solve the problem of removing long stems attached to mechanically harvested oranges : colour segmentation based on linear discriminant analysis , contour curvature analysis , and a thinning process which involves iterating until the stem becomes a skeleton . These techniques are able to determine the presence or absence of a stem with certainty , to locate the stems from random views with more than 90% accuracy and from profile images with an accuracy ranging from 92 и 4% to 100% depending on the method used . Finally , determination of the length and cutting point of the stem is achieved with only 3 и 8% of failures .÷ 1996 Silsoe Research Institute . IntroductionMechanical harvesting of citrus fruits brings some additional problems that have not been present in manual harvesting , such as the presence of fruits with long stems , with leaves or without calyx after detachment from the tree . Long stems and leaves can cause damage on adjacent fruits , while the absence of calyx opens a way for possible infections during transport and storage . This also means a loss of uniformity of the product which is not desirable for the fresh market . Therefore , a system for cutting long stems and for detecting the absence of calyx before the fruit arrives at the packing houses would be advantageous .Mechanical destemming systems , such as the one reported by Chen , 1 are usually based on random rotation of the oranges against cutting surfaces . However , the contact with these surfaces may cause some damage to the fruits . Some The random orientation of fruit on conveyor belts is often a problem in stem cutting systems . The sphericity of oranges hinders the possibility of mechanical orientation , so the detection of the stem -calyx area by a camera seems to be an adequate way to orientate the fruit . Once the stem has been situated at the correct position , it can be characterized and measured so the decision to cut the stem of f or not can be made .A system for orientation of oranges would be of interest for implementation on the CITRUS robot 6 in order to cut the stem of f after the picking operation .The objectives of this study were to design reliable image analysis methods (1) to locate , using colour vision , the stem -calyx area of oranges randomly presented to a camera , in order to be able to orientate the fruit , as well as to classify it on the basis of presence or absence of stem and leaves , and (2) to study the profiles of the fruit previously oriented and locate the stem to determine its length and cutting point . . Materials and methodsColour images were acquired with a charge coupled Since dif fuse light is highly ef fective in eliminating shadows and specular reflection , and in preserving well-defined edges , an illumination chamber with indirect fluorescent light and dif fusing material was built and used to take colour images , while illumination by contrast was employed to acquire profile images .The following three working methods were defi...
Brown adipocytes have the ability to uncouple the respiratory chain in mitochondria and dissipate chemical energy as heat. Development of UCP1-positive brown adipocytes in white adipose tissues (so called beige or brite cells) is highly induced by a variety of environmental cues such as chronic cold exposure or by PPARγ agonists, therefore, this cell type has potential as a therapeutic target for obesity treatment. Although most immortalized adipocyte lines cannot recapitulate the process of "browning" of white fat in culture, primary adipocytes isolated from stromal vascular fraction in subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT) provide a reliable cellular system to study the molecular control of beige/brite cell development. Here we describe a protocol for effective isolation of primary preadipocytes and for inducing differentiation to beige/brite cells in culture. The browning effect can be assessed by the expression of brown fat-selective markers such as UCP1.
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