The detection of increasing concentrations of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in wastewater treatment plants is raising concerns as TBBPA has been identified as a potentially toxic flame retardant. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of acetate biostimulation on TBBPA microbial reductive debromination, and the response of anaerobic sludge associated microbial communities repeatedly exposed to TBBPA. Results indicate that the bulk of the microbial community did not experience significant shifts as a result of TBBPA exposure, and that only a small fraction of the community responded to the presence of TBBPA. Taxa most likely responsible for TBBPA transformation affiliated to Clostridiales and the wastewater sludge group Blvii28. The biostimulating effect of acetate was only observed during reactor startup, when acetogenesis was likely not yet occurring. However, when acetate likely started to be microbially generated in the reactor, acetate addition resulted in a slight but significant inhibiting effect on TBBPA transformation. A significant increase of hydrogenotrophic methanogens in the TBBPAspiked reactor overtime implies that TBBPA degraders were not in direct competition with methanogens for H2. These results strongly suggest that TBBPA degrading taxa might have been primarily using acetate as an electron donor for the reductive debromination of TBBPA.

Mercury (Hg) associated with coal ash is an environmental concern, particularly if the release of coal ash to the environment is associated with the conversion of inorganic Hg to methylmercury (MeHg), a bioaccumulative form of Hg that is produced by anaerobic microorganisms. In this study, sediment slurry microcosm experiments were performed to understand how spilled coal ash might influence MeHg production in anaerobic sediments of an aquatic ecosystem. Two coal ash types were used: (1) a weathered coal ash; and (2) a freshly collected, unweathered fly ash that was relatively enriched in sulfate and Hg compared to the weathered ash. These ash samples were added to anaerobic sediment slurries constructed with a relatively pristine sediment (containing 0.03 mg kg Hg) and a Hg-contaminated sediment (containing 0.29 mg kg Hg). The results of these experiments showed negligible net production of MeHg in microcosms with no ash and in microcosms amended with the low sulfate/low Hg ash. In contrast, slurry microcosms amended with high sulfate/high Hg ash showed increases in total MeHg content that was 2 to 3 times greater than control microcosms without ash (p < 0.001). 16S amplicon sequencing of microbial communities in the slurries indicated that the coal ash addition generally increased the relative abundance of the methylating microbial community, including sulfate-reducing bacteria and iron-reducing bacteria species that are known to be efficient methylators of Hg. The stimulation of these microorganisms was likely caused by the release of substrates (sulfate and Fe) originating from the ash. Overall, the results highlight the need to incorporate both environmental parameters and coal ash characteristics into risk assessments that guide coal ash management and disposal.

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