This study used a systematic literature review methodology to determine whether there is evidence that drinking frequency has effects on cattle performance, what performance responses to drinking frequency are documented and how performance responses vary according to environmental and animal factors. Electronic databases were searched for English language articles with original data on at least one performance attribute (e.g. water intake, feed intake, live weight) of cattle in response to voluntary drinking frequency or controlled access periods to water. Sixteen experiments on dairy cows and 12 experiments on beef cattle were retrieved from the literature. For beef cattle, all experiments reported reduced water and feed intake with access to water once every second and/or third day compared with once-daily access. Median reductions of 15% and 25% in water intake and 16% and 9% in feed intake were found across experiments respectively. Live weight responses of beef cattle to access to water were limited and yielded positive, negative and no effects. For dairy cows, most experiments reported reduced water intake, milk yield and milk fat content with access to water twice or once daily compared with controls (ad libitum or ad libitum except at the dairy). Median reductions of 13% and 12% in water intake, 2% and 1% in milk yield and 1% and 2% in milk fat content were found across experiments respectively. Water availability effects on feed intake and live weight were very limited for dairy cows and yielded positive, neutral and negative effects. Season, climate, experiment conditions, animal class and animal genotype were identified to potentially influence intake responses of cattle. The review highlights a number of important gaps in the literature where future work is required to better understand the optimum drinking frequency of cattle and implications of water availability on health, welfare and performance.
Accelerometers have been used to record many cattle postures and behaviours including standing, lying, walking, grazing and ruminating but not cattle drinking behaviour. This study explores whether neck-mounted triaxial accelerometers can identify drinking and whether head-neck position and activity can be used to record drinking. Over three consecutive days, data were collected from 12 yearling Brahman cattle each fitted with a collar containing an accelerometer. Each day the cattle were herded into a small yard containing a water trough and allowed 5 min to drink. Drinking, standing (head up), walking and standing (head down) were recorded. Examination of the accelerometer data showed that drinking events were characterised by a unique signature compared with the other behaviours. A linear mixed-effects model identified two variables that reflected differences in head-neck position and activity between drinking and the other behaviours: mean of the z- (front-to-back) axis and variance of the x- (vertical) axis (P < 0.05). Threshold values, derived from Kernel density plots, were applied to classify drinking from the other behaviours using these two variables. The method accurately classified drinking from standing (head up) with 100% accuracy, from walking with 92% accuracy and from standing (head down) with 79% accuracy. The study shows that accelerometers have the potential to record cattle drinking behaviour. Further development of a classification method for drinking is required to allow accelerometer-derived data to be used to improve our understanding of cattle drinking behaviour and ensure that their water intake needs are met.
Background Among all racial/ethnic groups, people who identify as African American/Blacks have the second highest colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence in the USA. This disparity may exist because African American/Blacks, compared to other racial/ethnic groups, have a higher prevalence of risk factors for CRC, including obesity, low fiber consumption, and higher intakes of fat and animal protein. One unexplored, underlying mechanism of this relationship is the bile acid-gut microbiome axis. High saturated fat, low fiber diets, and obesity lead to increases in tumor promoting secondary bile acids. Diets high in fiber, such as a Mediterranean diet, and intentional weight loss may reduce CRC risk by modulating the bile acid-gut microbiome axis. The purpose of this study is to test the impact of a Mediterranean diet alone, weight loss alone, or both, compared to typical diet controls on the bile acid-gut microbiome axis and CRC risk factors among African American/Blacks with obesity. Because weight loss or a Mediterranean diet alone can reduce CRC risk, we hypothesize that weight loss plus a Mediterranean diet will reduce CRC risk the most. Methods This randomized controlled lifestyle intervention will randomize 192 African American/Blacks with obesity, aged 45–75 years to one of four arms: Mediterranean diet, weight loss, weight loss plus Mediterranean diet, or typical diet controls, for 6 months (48 per arm). Data will be collected at baseline, mid-study, and study end. Primary outcomes include total circulating and fecal bile acids, taurine-conjugated bile acids, and deoxycholic acid. Secondary outcomes include body weight, body composition, dietary change, physical activity, metabolic risk, circulating cytokines, gut microbial community structure and composition, fecal short-chain fatty acids, and expression levels of genes from exfoliated intestinal cells linked to carcinogenesis. Discussion This study will be the first randomized controlled trial to examine the effects of a Mediterranean diet, weight loss, or both on bile acid metabolism, the gut microbiome, and intestinal epithelial genes associated with carcinogenesis. This approach to CRC risk reduction may be especially important among African American/Blacks given their higher risk factor profile and increased CRC incidence. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04753359. Registered on 15 February 2021.
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