Annexin‐A1 has a well‐defined anti‐inflammatory role in the innate immune system, but its function in adaptive immunity remains controversial. This glucocorticoid‐induced protein has been implicated in a range of inflammatory conditions and cancers, as well as being found to be overexpressed on the T cells of patients with autoimmune disease. Moreover, the formyl peptide family of receptors, through which annexin‐A1 primarily signals, has also been implicated in these diseases. In contrast, treatment with recombinant annexin‐A1 peptides resulted in suppression of inflammatory processes in murine models of inflammation. This review will focus on what is currently known about annexin‐A1 in health and disease and discuss the potential of this protein as a biomarker and therapeutic target.
Background: Tissue hypoxia plays a critical role in the events leading to cell death in ischemic stroke. Despite promising results in preclinical and small clinical pilot studies, inhaled oxygen supplementation has not translated to improved outcomes in large clinical trials. Moreover, clinical observations suggest that indiscriminate oxygen supplementation can adversely affect outcome, highlighting the need to develop novel approaches to selectively deliver oxygen to affected regions. This study tested the hypothesis that intravenous delivery of a novel oxygen carrier (Omniox-Ischemic Stroke [OMX-IS]), which selectively releases oxygen into severely ischemic tissue, could delay infarct progression in an established canine thromboembolic large vessel occlusion stroke model that replicates key dynamics of human infarct evolution. Methods: After endovascular placement of an autologous clot into the middle cerebral artery, animals received OMX-IS treatment or placebo 45 to 60 minutes after stroke onset. Perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging was performed to define infarct progression dynamics to stratify animals into fast versus slow stroke evolvers. Serial diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging was performed for up to 5 hours to quantify infarct evolution. Histology was performed postmortem to confirm final infarct size. Results: In fast evolvers, OMX-IS therapy substantially slowed infarct progression (by ≈1 hour, P <0.0001) and reduced the final normalized infarct volume as compared to controls (0.99 versus 0.88, control versus OMX-IS drug, P <0.0001). Among slow evolvers, OMX-IS treatment delayed infarct progression by approximately 45 minutes; however, this did not reach statistical significance ( P =0.09). The final normalized infarct volume also did not show a significant difference (0.93 versus 0.95, OMX-IS drug versus control, P =0.34). Postmortem histologically determined infarct volumes showed excellent concordance with the magnetic resonance imaging defined ischemic lesion volume (bias: 1.33% [95% CI, −15% to 18%). Conclusions: Intravenous delivery of a novel oxygen carrier is a promising approach to delay infarct progression after ischemic stroke, especially in treating patients with large vessel occlusion stroke who cannot undergo definitive reperfusion therapy within a timely fashion.
SummaryInvestigations were performed on the effects of chylomicrons on blood coagulation. No clotting occurred when dog thoracic duct chylomicrons were substituted for the platelets used in the measurement of thromboplastin generation time.Hypercholesterolemic or normal dog serum was incubated for 3 hours with chylomicrons to transfer 40% of the chylomicron phospholipids to serum lipoproteins. These sera also did not decrease thromboplastin generation time.Thromboplastin generation of plasma and whole blood clotting times of dogs on high fat diets were not different than normal controls.
identical. Arterial arrival time following treatment decreased by a mean of 0.49 seconds in the treatment group and increased by a mean of 0.12 seconds in the control group (p=0.0081). Conclusion Preliminary results indicate that Sanguinate administered in the early acute phase of ischemic stroke improves CBF to the core infarct zone in experimental MCAO immediately following its administration.
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