Muscle injuries are the most common injuries in sports, with hamstring injuries accounting for 29% of all injuries in athletes. These injuries lead to prolonged impairment and have a reinjury risk of 12% to 31%. They range from mild muscle damage without loss of structural integrity to complete muscle tearing with fiber disruption. Novel MRI scores are increasingly being used and allow a more precise prediction of return to sport. In this article, the authors review the history, mechanisms of injury, and classification systems for hamstring injuries as well as present the latest evidence related to the management of hamstring injuries, including intramuscular and both proximal and distal insertional injuries. Indications for surgical treatment of certain proximal and distal avulsions, biological augmentation to the nonoperative treatment of midsubstance injuries, and advances in risk reduction and injury prevention are discussed.

Adhesive capsulitis presents clinically as limited, active and passive range of motion caused by the formation of adhesions of the glenohumeral joint capsule. Radiographically, it is thickening of the capsule and rotator interval. The pathology of the disease, and its classification, relates to inflammation and formation of extensive scar tissue. Risk factors include diabetes, hyperthyroidism, and previous cervical spine surgery. Nonsurgical management includes physical therapy, corticosteroid injections, extracorporeal shock wave therapy, calcitonin, ultrasonography-guided hydrodissection, and hyaluronic acid injections. Most patients will see complete resolution of symptoms with nonsurgical management, and there appears to be a role of early corticosteroid injection in shortening the overall duration of symptoms. Surgical intervention, including manipulation under anesthesia, arthroscopic capsular release both limited and circumferential, and the authors' technique are described in this article. Complications include fracture, glenoid and labral injuries, neurapraxia, and rotator cuff pathology. Postoperative care should always include early physical therapy.

Given its low cost and ease of implementation, neuromuscular training of all young athletes represents a cost-effective strategy for reducing costs and morbidity from ACL injuries. While continued innovations on inexpensive and accurate screening methods to identify high-risk athletes remain of interest, improving existing training protocols and implementing neuromuscular training into routine training for all young athletes is warranted.

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Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous blood-derived product with an increased concentration of platelets in plasma, which are used to deliver supraphysiological levels of growth factors. Platelet-rich plasma has been used in many fields, including oral, maxillofacial, and plastic surgery. Its use in sports medicine has been increasing after recent evidence and media publicity suggest that it may augment the treatment of muscle strains, as well as tendon and ligament healing. Basic science and animal studies show promising results, but high-level clinical trials have yet to prove its efficacy. With increasing media coverage on the use of PRP in athletes, it is paramount that orthopedic surgeons and sports medicine physicians understand the various methods of preparation and administration, potential clinical applications, and available clinical results to best counsel patients on its advantages and disadvantages.

A minority of U.S. teaching orthopaedic institutions publish MPFL reconstruction rehabilitation protocols online. Furthermore, there is a high degree of variability in both the composition and timing of rehabilitation modalities across these protocols.

This study supports the use of a simple, field-based observational drop vertical jump screening test to identify athletes at risk for ACL injury. Our study shows good inter- and intra-rater reliability and high sensitivity and suggests that screening can be performed without significant training by physicians as well as allied health professionals, including: coaches, athletic trainers and physical therapists. Identification of these high-risk athletes may play a role in enrollment in appropriate preventative neuromuscular training programs, which have been shown to decrease the incidence of ACL injuries in this population.