In this review, we explore two aspects of the development of psychopathy. First, we examine what psychopathy looks like across time. Second, we ask where psychopathy comes from. Much recent empirical work supports the idea that psychopathy in childhood and adolescence looks much like psychopathy in adulthood. Research utilizing recently created juvenile psychopathy indices demonstrates that juvenile psychopathy can be assessed reliably and that the nomological network surrounding the construct is quite similar to the one around adult psychopathy. Juvenile psychopathy is robustly related to offending, other externalizing problems, low levels of Agreeableness and Conscientiousness, and deficits in emotional processing and inhibition. Juvenile psychopathy is also relatively stable across adolescence. Much less research has examined from whence psychopathy comes, although several theories are reviewed. We close with a discussion of recent objections to the downward developmental extension of psychopathy to juveniles and some suggestions for additional research.

Currently the second largest U.S. ethnic group, U.S. Latinas/os are projected to continue increasing as a proportion of the U.S. population over the next century. The culturally competent psychological evaluation of U.S. Latinas/os requires both the use of instruments that are adequately validated in that population and the adequate consideration of culturally linked factors known to influence the assessment process and its findings. This article makes foundational recommendations in this second area, organizing them along 4 stages of professional practice in psychological assessment. Consultation with qualified professionals is discussed as being important in ensuring the accurate and ethical psychological assessment of U.S. Latinas/os at all stages of professional practice.

Research suggests that personality disorders (PDs) can be conceptualized as constellations of traits from a general model of personality functioning. This research examined the ability of the fi ve-factor model (FFM) to conceptualize antisocial PD (APD). Participants consisted of 481 21 to 22-year-old men and women who were part of the Lexington Longitudinal Study. APD was assessed by the degree of resemblance to an expertgenerated APD FFM prototype, using the FFM count approach, and through the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS). FFM APD was related to childhood delinquency, substance use, aggression, risky sexual behaviour, externalizing disorder symptoms, psychopathy, education and employment. The profi le of these relations was very similar in shape and magnitude to results obtained using the DIS. There was also a high degree of predictive overlap between the assessments. Results were not due to personality pathology generally. These results offer support for the FFM understanding of the PDs more generally, and APD specifi cally.

Psychopathy is a personality syndrome characterized by egocentricity, grandiosity, remorselessness, callousness, impulsivity, and manipulativeness. It is also a disorder highly comorbid with substance use disorders ( Derefinko and Lynam, 2007 ; Smith and Newman, 1990 ; Tourian et al., 1997 ). However, unlike their other criminal counterparts, psychopaths' substance use related problems appear remarkably resilient despite treatment ( Smith and Newman, 1990 ) leading many to conclude the dually diagnosed psychopathic substance misuser is "untreatable." However, this pessimistic stance is predicated upon the notion that psychopathy is a homogeneous, categorical construct. Such a conclusion leaves little hope for treating substance use problems in this population, and has certainly attenuated efforts at developing effective clinical interventions ( Seto and Quinsey, 2006 ). In this review, we argue that conceptualizing psychopathy as a heterogeneous and dimensional construct reveals a common thread of negative emotionality (NEM) that may clarify the relations between psychopathy and substance use disorders as well as pave the way for more practical and viable treatment options.

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