The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of microbial transglutaminase (TGase) at different concentrations (0, 2.5 and 7.5 units/g (U/g) protein) using different cooking times (15, 20 and 25 min at 85°C) on Mozzarella cheese analogue (MCA) properties. Results have shown that protein cross-linking activity of TGase can improve the colour, texture, microstructure and meltability of the cheese when used at a concentration of 2.5 U/g protein and 20-min cooking time. TGase concentration, cooking time and the combination of these factors significantly (P < 0.05) affected the colour (L*, a* and b*) and texture properties (hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, gumminess, resilience and cohesion) but had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on pH.
Recent research on automatically reinforced self‐injurious behavior (ASIB) has identified specific patterns of responding in functional analyses that correlate with intervention efficacy (Hagopian et al., 2015; Hagopian et al., 2017). Whereas research by Hagopian et al. (2015, 2017) points to an important development in the assessment and treatment of ASIB, it is unclear if the applicability extends to automatically reinforced noninjurious behaviors, including stereotypy. Therefore, the current study replicated the methods of Hagopian et al. (2017), extending this research to published cases of stereotypy and related behavior. The behavioral subtype for each case was identified, and where applicable, the subtype was compared to intervention outcome data. The categorization of data sets as either Subtype 1 or Subtype 2 did not correspond with specific treatment outcomes. Unlike the results of Hagopian et al. (2015, 2017), reinforcement‐based interventions were not more likely to be effective for Subtype 1 stereotypy than for Subtype 2 stereotypy.
Background: After classical conditioning and extinction of fear, presentation of an unconditioned stimulus can produce a re-emergence of the extinguished fear response, a reinstatement effect. Previous research has reported that reinstatement of fear of contextual cues after a post-extinction delay could generalize over time to similar contexts. Objective: Two experiments were designed to investigate reinstated fear to a discrete stimulus with either a post-reinstatement delay (Experiment 1) or a post-extinction delay (Experiment 2). Methods: In Experiment 1 rat subjects were randomly assigned to four groups which received fear conditioning and extinction with a 3000 Hz tone CS. Reinstatement conditioning was then conducted with either the same or different CS, and testing for reinstated fear with the original CS was conducted after either a short or long delay following reinstatement. In Experiment 2 all procedures were the same except the long or short delay employed was between extinction and reinstatement instead of after reinstatement. Results: Reinstated fear increased with time to the same CS, and an increase in generalization of reinstated fear over time was observed with a different reinstatement CS (Experiment 1). When the delay employed was between extinction and reinstatement no increase in fear generalization was observed (Experiment 2). Conclusion: The results indicated support for the notion that reinstated fear to a discrete stimulus may generalize over time, but that generalization only takes place when reinstatement is administered a short interval after extinction. The results have implications for clinical behavior therapy treatments of anxiety disorders.
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