Recently the modern green wall (GW) systems with active air circulation, higher plants and optimized growth media are becoming increasingly more efficient for indoor air biofiltration. However, the functioning mechanisms of these complex systems are still poorly investigated. This study was focused on the activity of biofilm on the ceramic granules, which has been developed in the experimental GW within four months under realistic office conditions. Microbial abundance on the surface of ceramic granules has been evaluated by the number of culturable heterotrophic bacteria, as well as enzyme activity, i.e., fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis and potential ammonium oxidation (PAO). Different pre-treatment types of granules, i.e., grinding and sonication, showed significant (p<0.05) differences in FDA and PAO activities. The microbial activity of biofilm derived from the surface of ceramic granules in pots with Epipremnum aureum placed on the 1 st , 3 rd , 5 th , 7 th and 9 th height levels, did not exhibit a linear dependence on the height. Particularly, the FDA hydrolysis on the granule surface varied in the range from 167.4 µg/g on the 3 rd level up to 463.9 µg/g on the 1 st level. Contribution of the GW to the concentration of airborne microorganisms in the air was found to be negligible. Further experiments will be focused on the GW performance in terms of biodegradation of volatile organic compounds.
Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) is one of the most commonly used quaternary ammonium compounds in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. The aim of our study was to compare the physiological responses of Escherichia coli MSCL 332, Pseudomonas putida MCCL 650, and Staphylococcus epidermidis MSCL 333 on 50 mg/L BAC in rich and poor medium (100% and 5% tryptone soya broth (TSB)) in the temperature range from 8 °C to 37 °C, under static and shaking conditions. A high-throughput, 96-well microplate method was used to compare a broad range of cultivation conditions. The effect of BAC on growth, biofilm formation activity, and dehydrogenase and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis activity was evaluated. Addition of BAC to 100% TSB inhibited biofilm formation at 37 °C by 2.4, 1.8, and 1.6 times for E. coli, P. putida, and S. epidermidis, respectively. In turn, BAC stimulated biofilm formation in E. coli in 5% TSB at 37 °C and 100% TSB at 8 °C, i.e., 1.4 and 1.3 times, respectively. Statistical optimization of broth composition with emphasis on biofilm formation and further testing under experimental conditions was performed with P. putida.
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