Based on archival research done at the Library Company of Philadelphia, this essay offers an interpretation of original and popular verses that appear in nineteenth-century friendship albums. It argues that the verses engage a long-standing conversation about the nature of friendship in the Western tradition: where the feeling of friendship comes from, the nature of the feeling itself, and how we ought to practice it. Situating the verses in relation to literary and philosophical writings on friendship including those of Socrates, Michel de Montaigne, Friedrich Nietzsche, Friedrich Hölderlin, Rainer Maria Rilke, Maurice Blanchot, and Simone de Beauvoir achieves two main objectives. First, it aims to give the verses, which have largely been ignored by scholarship, their due as literary texts; and second, reveals that this popular practice, though not itself explicitly philosophical, makes a serious contribution to the Western philosophical tradition's consideration of the concept of friendship.
In this essay we investigate several moments in Simone de Beauvoir's philosophical and literary texts in which she refers to echoes and echoing. We notice that echoes help Beauvoir to figure and amplify the ethical character of her concept of ambiguity, which is so central to her thought. We argue that, for Beauvoir, literature has privileged access to the ambiguity of existence and therefore maintains a special status in exposing us to alterity and bringing us face to face with ethical responsibility. Considering her literary portrayals of echoing helps to explain why, despite her life‐long philosophical engagement, Beauvoir preferred not to call herself a philosopher. Finally, Beauvoir's phenomenological insight is that in order to carry ethical resonance, the form of a written work must mirror the fundamentally ambiguous or echolalic ontological structure of human existence.
Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study of 96 individuals with epilepsy recruited from neurology outpatient clinics in 3 tertiary centers in Sudan. Data was collected by using a structured questionnaire containing Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-4 (MMAS-4) and Belief about Medication Questionnaire BMQ and analyzed by SPSS. Results About thirty five percent of patients were estimated to be nonadherent. Most of the patients (93%) acknowledged their need for anti-epileptic drugs. However, 35% had high concern score. Adherence is affected by attitude towards (AEDs) and presence of side effects to AEDs. The relation between side effects and adherence was significant (P Value 0.000). Furthermore, there was a statistically insignificant relation between the number of drugs used and adherence (P Value 0.002). There was a significant relation between adherence, necessity mean score, concern mean score and necessity concern differential P value 0.000 for all. Conclusion Non-adherence to anti-epileptic medication was reported in almost in one third of individuals in this cohort. There were statistically significant associations between non-adherence and both side effects and number of medications used in the treatment of epilepsy.
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