We studied abundance and habitat use in two species of Liolaemus (Squamata: Tropiduridae) at a coastal dune site in eastern Argentina before and 7 years after a road was built at the site. Before disturbance, lizards exhibited similar abundances and a wide segregation in microhabitat use. Liolaemus multimaculatus used flat dunes scarcely covered by Spartina ciliata, while Liolaemus gracilis used the grass Panicum racemosum as cover. After disturbance, the mean number of L. multimaculatus detected by month was significantly less than that observed in the predisturbance period, owing to a drastic reduction in S. ciliata microhabitat patches. The mean number of L. gracilis was similar to that seen during the first period. These differences were clearly linked to habitat loss at the site. We concluded that human impact on the habitat structure of foredunes induced changes in the structure of the lizard assemblage, including shifts in the relative abundance of species and the proportional use of their preferred microhabitats.

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The reproductive and feeding ecology of Anops kingii was studied at the pampas mountain range of Argentina. Reproduction occurred from late winter (July) to early summer (December). Mean clutch size, based on the number of oviductal eggs, ranged from 2 to 4 eggs ( N x D 3), whereas mean clutch size based on the number of yolked follicles was 2.2 eggs. Adult females were signi cantly larger than males and all male individuals had conspicuou s precloacal pores, whereas all females lacked them. Diet was not diverse and consisted mainly of coleopteran larvae. Foraging activity decreased during the coldest months of the year. Individual s were found under large rocks predominantl y during winter and spring. This seasonal pattern of activity near the surface would seem to be related more to thermoregulator y than to trophic requirements.

Liolaemini lizards occur in southern South America in a variety of dietary habits across a broad latitudinal and altitudinal distribution. We studied standard metabolic rates of 19 Liolaemini species and analyzed these data using both conventional and phylogenetically informed statistics. Oxygen consumption showed a significant and positive relationship with body mass (SMR = 0.109 × body mass(0.876±0.023)), with a higher slope than that expected on the basis of the three-quarter power law model. After phylogenetically informed and conventional analyses, no significant differences in metabolic rates were found to be related to diet or elevation. We hypothesize that small body size, ecological conservatism and physiological compensation may explain the lack of differences in metabolic rates observed among these lizards.

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The introduction of nonnative plant species might generate habitat modifications that, in turn, increase the predation risk for animals, either by making prey species more conspicuous, limiting the availability of refuges, or by offering vantage points to potential predators. We compared predation pressure and escape behavior of two sympatric species (Liolaemus wiegmannii and Liolaemus multimaculatus) of Sand Lizards inhabiting forested and nonforested grasslands of the pampasic coastal sand dunes of Argentina. Predation pressure was evaluated by measuring the predation rate on plasticine replicas of lizards and the abundance of avian predators. We also recorded flight initiation distance (FID) of lizards in the different habitat types and the microhabitat used as refuge. Both lizard species prefer refuges in native plants but, when they are scarce, the nonnative Acacia longifolia is selected as alternative refuge. In forested habitats, sand-burying behavior is a complementary strategy used by L. multimaculatus to avoid predation. The FID of L. wiegmannii was greater in forested habitats than in nonforested ones. In contrast, L. multimaculatus exhibited a short FID in forested habitats, mostly because sand-burying behavior appears to reduce the risks typically associated with exposed areas. Plasticity in antipredatory behavior suggests that these lizards could recognize predators and develop a suitable antipredatory behavior. We conclude that increased predation pressure and structural alterations of the habitat in the presence of nonnative A. longifolia affect the decisions that determine how, when, and where these lizards flee.

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