BackgroundHealth personnel face challenges in diagnosing vector-borne and other diseases of poverty in urban settings. There is a need to know what rapid diagnostic technologies are available, have been properly assessed, and are being implemented to improve control of these diseases in the urban context. This paper characterizes evidence on the field validation and implementation in urban areas of rapid diagnostics for vector-borne diseases and other diseases of poverty.Main bodyA scoping review was conducted. Peer-reviewed and grey literature were searched using terms describing the targeted infectious diseases, diagnostics evaluations, rapid tests, and urban setting. The review was limited to studies published between 2000 and 2016 in English, Spanish, French, and Portuguese. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were refined post hoc to identify relevant literature regardless of study design and geography.A total of 179 documents of the 7806 initially screened were included in the analysis. Malaria (n = 100) and tuberculosis (n = 47) accounted for the majority of studies that reported diagnostics performance, impact, and implementation outcomes. Fewer studies, assessing mainly performance, were identified for visceral leishmaniasis (n = 9), filariasis and leptospirosis (each n = 5), enteric fever and schistosomiasis (each n = 3), dengue and leprosy (each n = 2), and Chagas disease, human African trypanosomiasis, and cholera (each n = 1). Reported sensitivity of rapid tests was variable depending on several factors. Overall, specificities were high (> 80%), except for schistosomiasis and cholera. Impact and implementation outcomes, mainly acceptability and cost, followed by adoption, feasibility, and sustainability of rapid tests are being evaluated in the field. Challenges to implementing rapid tests range from cultural to technical and administrative issues.ConclusionsRapid diagnostic tests for vector-borne and other diseases of poverty are being used in the urban context with demonstrated impact on case detection. However, most evidence comes from malaria rapid diagnostics, with variable results. While rapid tests for tuberculosis and visceral leishmaniasis require further implementation studies, more evidence on performance of current tests or development of new alternatives is needed for dengue, Chagas disease, filariasis, leptospirosis, enteric fever, human African trypanosomiasis, schistosomiasis and cholera.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s40249-018-0474-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
* Autor a quien debe ser dirigida la correspondenciaRecibido Ene. 26, 2017; Aceptado Mar. 20, 2017; Versión final Jun. 12, 2017, Publicado Dic. 2017 Resumen La pitahaya amarilla contiene biocomponentes como los polifenoles cuya capacidad antioxidante podría causar un efecto fisiológico más allá del nutricional. Sin embargo, estos biocomponentes son sensibles a condiciones ambientales, de procesamiento, y/o gastrointestinales cuando son consumidos. Por ello, fueron sometidos a encapsulación mediante secado por atomización para evaluar el efecto que tiene dicha técnica sobre su conservación. Los resultados mostraron que el tratamiento con mayor efecto fue el realizado a una temperatura de 150 °C con 40% de maltodextrina, logrando prolongar la estabilidad hasta 72 horas para polifenoles totales y 240 horas para la capacidad antioxidante. Con esto se garantiza que la liberación de estos se realice en el intestino delgado, lugar donde quedan disponibles para que el organismo los adsorba. Palabras clave: encapsulación; secado por atomización; sustancias bioactivas; biodisponibilidad Encapsulation Effect on Spray Drying of Yellow Pitahaya Biocomponents of Functional Interest AbstractYellow pitahaya contains biocomponents such as polyphenols with antioxidant capacity that may cause a physiological effect besides the nutritional aspects. However, these biocomponents are sensible to environmental conditions, processing, and/or gastrointestinal environment when they are consumed. Therefore, biocomponents were subjected to encapsulation by spray drying to evaluate the effect of this technique on their conservation. The results show that the most effective treatment was that performed at temperature of 150 °C with 40% maltodextrin, achieving longer stability of up to 72 hours for total polyphenols and 240 hours for the antioxidant capacity. In this way, it is guaranteed that release of these biocomponents will occur in the small intestine, where they are available for the body to adsorb them.
La paracoccidioidomicosis, enfermedad sistémica fungémica, es causada por Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Se produce por la inhalación de conidias, conduciendo a una infección pulmonar transitoria que por lo general, se autoresuelve. En jovenes puede progresar a una forma aguda o subaguda. Generalmente quienes la padecen son agricultores, ya que los principales lugares donde se localiza el gérmen es en los cultivos de café, cacao y algodón. Las manifestaciones clinicas pueden ser en piel, mucosas, sistema reticuloendotelial, pulmones, y glandula suprarrenal, entre otros. Su manejo es con antimicóticos por tiempo prolongado y por lo general se requieren combinaciones de los mismos. Sepresenta el caso de una adolescente con paracoccidioidomicosis subaguda.
In order to determine the presence of fungi in clinical sal11ples of the respiratory system, 322 patients with pneul110pathieswere surveyed. Al! ofthem had been hospitalised in the Pneumology Unit of the Otavio de Freitas General Hospital, Recife, PE, Brazil. Paracoccidioidomycosis was diagnosed in 7 male patients (2.1%), and involvedwith work in the rural zone. In 6 cases there was a "diagnostic mistake" between pulmonary tuberculosis and pull110nary paracoccidioidomycosis; in 1 case the associa-!ion of these two pneumopathies was verified.
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